Tams, Dr. Jag, Biology, Ch. 45

Front 1

What are the three types of neurons?

Back 1

Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent), and Interneurons (association).

Front 2

In which parts of the nervous system are the different neuron types located?

Back 2

Motor and Sensory neurons are in the peripheral nervous system, and Interneurons are in the central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord).

Front 3

What are the motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle called? What are the ones that stimulate other things called? What are the two subdivisions of the second group?

Back 3

Somatic Motor Neurons. Autonomic Motor Neurons. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Front 4

What are the parts of a neuron?

Back 4

The cell body, dendrites, axon, and sometimes myelin sheaths.

Front 5

What are neuron supporting cells also called? What are the two most important types? What do they produce and where?

Back 5

Neuroglia. Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes. Myelin sheaths, Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodrocytes in the CNS.

Front 6

In the CNS, what is the region with myelinated axons called? Unmyelinated?

Back 6

White matter. Gray matter.

Front 7

What are the bundles of axons in the PNS?

Back 7

Nerves.

Front 8

What are the gaps between the myelin sheaths called?

Back 8

Nodes of Ranvier.

Front 9

A neuron has a resting membrane potential because the inside is more negatively charged than the outside. How is this negative charge achieved?

Back 9

1) Molecules with negative charge exist in the cell (called fixed anions). 2) The sodium-potassium pump brings in potassium and expels sodium. 3) There are more leak channels that allow K+ out than Na+ in.

Front 10

What is equilibrium potential?

Back 10

The point where the electrical and chemical forces of an ion’s diffusion across a membrane balance out.

Front 11

What are gated ion channels? What are they called when they respond to chemicals binding to them?

Back 11

They are essentially ion leak channels that have the ability to open and close. Chemical- or Ligand-gated channels.

Front 12

What is the ability of graded potentials to combine? What amount of depolarization is needed to cause an action potential?

Back 12

Summation. The threshold.

Front 13

What is an action potential? What channels does it cause to open?

Back 13

A nerve impulse. Voltage-gated ion channels.

Front 14

What is depolarization? What is hyperpolarization?

Back 14

The movement of polarity above resting potential. The movement of polarity below resting potential.

Front 15

What are the phases of an action potential?

Back 15

Rising phase (Na+ rushes in), Falling phase (K+ rushes out), Undershoot (K+ channels open too long).

Front 16

How can the speed of a nerve impulse’s conduction be increased?

Back 16

By increasing the axon diameter or giving it myelin sheaths.

Front 17

What is the process of a nerve impulse jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier on a myelinated axon called?

Back 17

Saltatory conduction.

Front 18

What are the interfaces between one neuron’s axon and another’s dendrite called? What is the cell transmitting the impulse called? What is the cell receiving it called?

Back 18

Synapses. Presynaptic cell. Postsynaptic cell.

Front 19

What is the space between the cells at a synapse? What are the vesicles in the presynaptic cell? What chemicals do they contain? What structures on the postsynaptic cell bind to these chemicals?

Back 19

Synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitters. Receptor proteins.

Front 20

What is the depolarization occurring on the postsynaptic membrane called?

Back 20

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Front 21

What sort of synapse does the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) cross? What enzyme eliminates Ach after the impulse transmission?

Back 21

A neuromuscular junction (from motor neuron to muscle fiber). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Front 22

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS?

Back 22

Glutamate.

Front 23

What do Glycine and GABA do?

Back 23

They cause hyperpolarization or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

Front 24

What are the biogeneic amines?

Back 24

Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine, and serotonin.

Front 25

What does dopamine do? What does serotonin do?

Back 25

Controls body movements and other functions. Regulates sleep and affects emotional states.

Front 26

What are neuropeptides? What are neuromodulators? What is substance P?

Back 26

Polypeptides released by axons. Neuropeptides with long-term effects on the postsynaptic neuron. A neuropeptide released in the CNS due to pain.

Front 27

What two neuropeptides have effects on the perception of pain?

Back 27

Enkephalins and endorphins.

Front 28

What gas has a regulatory effect on the body?

Back 28

Nitric oxide (NO).

Front 29

What is the process of multiple presynaptic neurons acting on the same postsynaptic neuron?

Back 29

Synaptic integration.

Front 30

What is habituation?

Back 30

The loss of ability of neurons to respond to a stimulus due to excessive stimulation.

Front 31

What are the three brain regions?

Back 31

The hindbrain (rhombencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and forebrain (prosencephalon).

Front 32

What are the three parts of the hindbrain? What does the hindbrain generally do?

Back 32

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. It coordinates motor reflexes.

Front 33

What does the midbrain do?

Back 33

It carries out reflexes involving the eyes and ears.

Front 34

What are the two parts of the brain and their subparts?

Back 34

The diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (called the cerebrum in mammals).

Front 35

What do the thalamus and hypothalamus do?

Back 35

The thalamus is a relay center between incoming info and the cerebrum. The hypothalamus participates in basic drives and controls the pituitary gland.

Front 36

How is the cerebrum divided?

Back 36

It has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and has four lobes called the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

Front 37

Where does the majority of the brain’s neural activity occur? What are the three general categories of activity that occur here? Where in this area do higher mental process occur?

Back 37

In the cerebral cortex on the outer layer of the brain. Motor, sensory, and associative. In the association cortex.

Front 38

What are the islands of gray matter in the white matter of the cerebrum called? What function do they participate in?

Back 38

Basal ganglia. They participate in body movement.

Front 39

What does the limbic system do?

Back 39

It triggers emotional responses.

Front 40

What are some differences between short term and long term memory?

Back 40

Short term memory is stored electrically, while long term memory is stored by neural arrangement.

Front 41

What are the parts of the spinal cord?

Back 41

The membranal meninges, the inner gray matter, and outer white matter.

Front 42

What part of what type of neurons are in the dorsal root, ventral root, and dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord?

Back 42

The axons of sensory neurons. The axons of motor neurons. The cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Front 43

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? What do they have in common?

Back 43

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. They both have ganglions with pre- and post-ganglionic neurons.

Front 44

What is a difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Back 44

The sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, while the parasympathetic ones release ACh. They also tend to have opposite effects to each other.