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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two circulatory system types? What do both have?
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Open(no vessels, hemolymph) and closed(vessels, lymph and blood separate). A heart.
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What are the vessel types?
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Arteries(from heart), arterioles(small arteries), veins(to heart), venules(small veins), and capillaries(gas exchange).
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What is interstitial fluid? Where does it go?
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Fluid from the plasma that passes through capillary walls. Either back into the capillary or lymph vessels.
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What are the three functions of the circulatory system in vertebrates?
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Transportation, Regulation, and Protection.
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What is plasma consist of?
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Metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, and proteins.
Proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, which helps blood to clot. |
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What is plasma without fibrinogen called?
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Serum.
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Where do platelets come from? What does fibrin have to do with platelets?
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They are pinched off from Megakaryocytes. Fibrin holds platelets together at blood clots.
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What are vasoconstriction and vasodilation? What are precapillary sphincters?
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Constriction and relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle, regulating blood flow. Valves that can close off capillary beds.
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How does blood get back to the heart from the veins?
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Through venous pumps and venous valves.
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What is the lymphatic system?
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The system that gets fluid called lymph back into the circulatory system through lymph vessels and lymph hearts.
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Describe the fish heart.
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It has four chambers. The first two, sinous venosus and atrium, are for collection. The others, ventricle and conus arteriosus are pumping chambers. The heart beats peristaltically.
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Describe amphibian and reptile circulation.
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They have a pulmonary and systemic circulation. They have a three chambered heart. Amphibians can also use cutaneous respiration through their skin.
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Describe mammalian and bird hearts.
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They are four chambered and keep oxygen-rich and poor blood separate. The heartbeat starts in the sinoatrial node, a descendant of the sinus venosus.
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What are the different heart valves?
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Atrioventricular (triscuspid and biscuspid/mitral), and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
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What is the cardiac cycle?
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The cycle of rest (diastole) and contraction (systole).
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What are the major vessels around the heart?
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The pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, coronary arteries, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.
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What two measurements are made to measure blood pressure?
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Systolic and diastolic pressure.
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How is heart contraction stimulated?
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Depolarization of the sinoatrial node, followed by the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His, to Purkinje fibers.
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How is the depolarization of the heart measured and recorded from the surface of the body?
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With an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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What do baroreceptors do?
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Detect changes in arterial blood pressure.
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What hormones regulate blood volume? What do they do?
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-retain more water, Aldosterone-retain Na+, Atrial Natriuretic Hormone-eliminate Na+ and water, and Nitric Oxide-dilate vessels.
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What are some cardiovascular diseases?
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Angina pectoris (low blood supply to heart), Stroke (loss of blood to brain), Atherosclerosis (plaque accumulation), Arteriosclerosis (artery hardening).
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What is Fick's Law of Diffusion?
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R=DA(deltaP/d). R=diffusion rate. D=constant. A=area. deltaP=concentration difference. d=distance.
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How do animals maximize their respiration rates?
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Creating a water current with cilia, increase respiration surfaces' area and decrease their thickness.
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How many mm Hg are in an atmosphere? What is partial pressure?
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760. The pressure contribute by a single gas in a mixture.
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What are external gills? What is an operculum? What is ram ventilation?
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Gills not enclosed in body structures. A cover placed over internal gills. Swimming constantly with the mouth open to force water over the gills.
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What are gill arches? What is countercurrent flow?
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The collections of gill filaments in a fish. The flow of water and blood in opposite directions in gills.
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Why were gills replaced when terrestrial animals evolved?
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Air is less buoyant than water and water can diffuse into air.
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What are the types of terrestrial respiratory organs? What is a uniform pool?
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Tracheae and lungs. A system of respiration present in all terrestrial vertebrates except birds where air is in contact with the gas-exchange surface.
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Contrast amphibian and reptile respiration.
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Amphibians respire by using positive pressure, reptiles with negative.
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Describe the mammalian air path.
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Air comes into the larynx, the trachea, branches into bronchi, which branche into bronchioles, which end in alveoli.
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Describe avian respiration.
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Respiration has two phases, inspiration and expiration. Air is pushed in one direction through parabronchi during expiration. Blood flows in a cross-current flow.
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What are the pleural membranes around the lung?
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The visceral pleural membrane, the parietal pleural membrane, and the pleural cavity between them.
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What is tidal volume? What is vital capacity?
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The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a breath. The maximum amount of air that can be expired.
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What is hypoventilating? What is hyperventilating?
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Not breathing enough to remove CO2. Removing too much CO2 by breathing too rapidly.
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What structures regulate breathing?
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The aortic and carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) and the central chemoreceptors in the brain.
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What is hemoglobin? What is oxyhemoglobin? What is doxyhemoglobin?
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A four chain protein with four heme groups. Hemoglobin with oxygen bound to the heme groups. Hemoglobin without oxygen.
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How is CO2 carried in the bloodstream?
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It is dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or converted by erythrocytes into carbonic acid.
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How does NO in the blood stream affect the circulatory system?
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It expands blood vessels and increases blood flow.
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Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
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Robert Fromm.
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