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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores?
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Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, omnivores eat both.
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What are the sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intstine, large intestine, cloaca(or rectum and anus in mammals).
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What are ruminants?
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Animals with multichamber stomachs.
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What is the cecum?
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A pouch at the beginning of the large intestine which digests cellulose with bacterial aid.
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What are the accessory digestive organs?
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Liver(secretes bile), gallbladder(stores bile), and pancreas (secretes pancreatic juice).
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What are the types of teeth of vertebrates? What fluid in the mouth also helps break down food?
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Incisors(biting), cuspids("canines", tearing), premolars, and molars. Saliva.
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What is a ring of smooth muscle that acts as a valve called?
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A sphincter.
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Are proteins fully digested in the stomach? What do the stomach parietal cells secrete? Chief cells? What is the stomach's pH?
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No. HCl and intinsic factor. Pepsinogen. 2.
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What is the food mixture produced by the stomach called?
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Chyme.
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What are holes in the stomach called? What bacteria can cause them?
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Gastric ulcers. Helicobacter pylori.
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What substances can the stomach absorb?
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Some water, aspirin, and alcohol.
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What are the sections of the smal intestine? What covers the walls of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Villi covered in microvilli(forms the brush border).
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What does the pancreas release?
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Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase. They are released as inactive zymogens. It also releases bicarbonate as a pH stabilizer.
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The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Where are the hormones of the pancreased produced and what are the two most important ones?
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Islets of Langerhans. Insulin and glucagon.
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What does the liver secrete?
Where are these secretions stored? |
Bile pigments(waste, old red blood cells) and bile salts(emulsifiers). The gallbladder.
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How is fat absorption different than other nutrients?
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It is absorbed into the lymphatic system before entering the blood.
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What does the large intestine do?
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It concentrates waste material into feces. It absorbs some water but does NOT digest.
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Where do the feces go from the large intestine?
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Into the rectum and out the anus. Two sphincters block the way, one voluntary, one not.
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What is the common chamber for excretion and the end of digestion in most non-mammals?
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The cloaca.
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What are ruminants? What are the chambers? What do ruminants do?
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Animals that have divided stomachs. Rumen, reticulum omasum, and abomasum. The regurgitate and rechew food.
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What is coprophagy?
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The practice of eating feces used by some non-ruminants to effectively digest cellulose.
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How do mammals get vitamin K?
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They have to rely on intestinal bacteria.
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What hormone stimulates release of HCl and pepsin in the stomach?
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Gastrin.
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What are the dudenal hormones that regulate passage of chyme collectively called? What are they? What do they do?
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Enterogastrones. Cholecystokinin(stimulates pancreas and gallbaldder), secretin(stimulate pancreas for bicarbonate), gastric inhibitory peptide. All inhibit gastric motility and juic secretions.
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What does the liver do from a regulatory standpoint?
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It filters the blood, regulates the level of compounds in the blood, and produces proteins in blood plasma.
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Where is insulin created? What does it do?
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Beta cells of the pancreas. It stimulates glucose storage as glycogen.
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Where is glucagon created? What does it do?
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Alpha cells of the pancreas. It stimulates glycogenolysis(formation of glucose from glycogen).
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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Formation of glucose from molecules other than glycogen.
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What is the basal metabolic rate?
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The minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive.
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What is obesity?
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The condition of being 20% higher than average body weight.
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What is the ob gene? Where is it expressed? What is the product supposed to do?
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A gene that prevents proper production of leptin. Fat cells. Be a satiety factor (decrease appetite).
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Is obesity generally caused by a lack of leptin or reduced sensitivity to leptin?
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Reduced sesitivity to leptin.
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What are essential nutrients?
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Nutrients the body cannot itself produce. They include vitamins, essential amino acids (nine for humans), unsaturated fatty acids, and essential minerals.
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Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
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Robert Fromm.
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