Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the unique characteristics of animals?
|
Heterotrophic, Multicellular, Active Movement, Diverse Form and Habitat, Sexual Reproduction, Embryonic Development, Unique Tissues, and the Lack of Cell Walls
|
|
Ninety-nine percent of animals are (invertebrates/vertebrates).
|
Invertebrates.
|
|
In embryonic development, what is a morula? What is a blastula?
|
A morula is a solid ball of cells. A blastula is the hollow ball of cells.
|
|
When the blastula folds inward, what is formed? What is the embryo called at this phase of development?
|
A Blastopore. The Gastrula.
|
|
What two unique animal tissues are associated with movement?
|
Muscle and Nervous Tissues.
|
|
What are the two main branches of the animal kingdom? What is the difference between them?
|
Parazoa("beside animals") and Eumetazoa("true animals"). Parazoa lack symetry, tissues, and organs.
|
|
What are the two main branches of Eumetazoans? How are the branches embryonically different?
|
Radiata(radial symetry) and Bilateria(bilateral symmetry). Radiata are diploblastic (no mesoderm) and Bilateria are triploblastic (mesoderm).
|
|
What is the primitive gut cavity in an embryo?
|
The Archenteron.
|
|
What were the Five Key Transitions in Body Plan?
|
1.Evolution of Tissues, 2. of Bilateral Symmetry, 3. of Body Cavities, 4. of Deuterostome Development, 5. of Segmentation
|
|
What is radial symmetry? Bilateral symmetry?
|
Symmetry around an axis. Symmetry across a plane.
|
|
What relative locations does bilateral symmetry provide?
|
Dorsal(top), Ventral(bottom), Anterior(front), Posterior(back).
|
|
What are the planes of a bilateral organism?
|
Sagittal (between the eyes), Frontal (down the sides), Transverse (around the hips).
|
|
What are the three embryonic tissues of bilateral eumetazoans?
|
Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm.
|
|
What are the three basic bilateral body plans?
|
Acoelomate(no body cavity), Pseudocoelomate(pseudocoel), Coelomate(coelom)
|
|
What is the difference between the pseudocoel and coelom?
|
The pseudocoel exists between the mesoderm and endoderm. The coelom is entirely within mesoderm.
|
|
What is a circulatory system?
|
A network of vessels that carry fluids through the body.
|
|
What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?
|
Open ones allow blood to mix with body fluid. Closed ones isolate the blood in vessels continuously.
|
|
What categories are bilaterians divided into according to embryonic development?
|
Protostomes(blastopore forms mouth), and Deuterostomes(blastopore forms anus).
|
|
Which phyla are protostomes? Which are deuterostomes?
|
Flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are protostomes. Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.
|
|
How else are protostomes and deuterostomes different?
|
Protostomes perform spiral cleavage, deuterostomes perform radial cleavage. Protostomes use deteminate development, deuterostomes use indeterminate development.
|
|
What is segmentation? What is it also known as? Why is it beneficial?
|
A body plan with successive identical segments. Metamerism. It improves locomotion and provides a failsafe for damaged organs.
|
|
What is the name for the process of a head and brain area developing from evolution?
|
Cephalization.
|
|
What phyla exhibit segmentation?
|
Annelids, Arthropods, and Chordates.
|
|
What is an example of an organism that does not fit well with current taxonomic organization?
|
Myzostomids.
|
|
What is molecular systematics?
|
The use of RNA and DNA sequences in order to organize organisms taxonomically instead of by structural characteristics.
|
|
Do taxonomists believe that parazoans and eumetazoans stem from a single common ancestor or several ancestors?
|
A single common ancestor.
|
|
What are the three hypotheses for the origin of animals?
|
The Multinucleate Hypothesis(multinuclear protist ancestor), Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis (flagellated protist ancestor), and the Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis (parazoans and eumetazoans evolved independently)
|
|
Which hypothesis is the most favored by molecular systematics?
|
The Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis.
|
|
What was the Cambrian Explosion?
|
The period of very rapid diversification of organisms during the Cambrian period.
|
|
What is evo-devo?
|
A field of biology that combines evolutionary and developmental biology.
|
|
Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
|
Robert Fromm.
|