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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a community? What is an assemblage?
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The different species that occur at a particular location. A subset of a community containing species that are likely to interact with each other.
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What are the two views on the functioning of communities? Which scientists started them? What do they state? Which is favored most today?
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Individualistic (Gleason)- communities are just a collection of individual species. Holistic (Clements)- communities are integrated nets of species. Individualistic concept.
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What is an organism's niche? What is a fundamental niche? What is a realized niche?
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The sum total of ways a species utilizes resources. The entire niche that a species could possibly occupies. The actual niche a species occupies.
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What is the principle of competitive exclusion? Who came up with it?
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If two species are competing for a limited resource, the one that uses it most efficiently will eliminate the other locally. Gause.
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What are sympatric species?
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Similar species of organisms that partition resources by utilizing different areas or food sources to avoid competition.
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What is character displacement?
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The change in behavior or morphology where sympatric species are present together, but not when they are separate.
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What is predation?
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The consuming of one organism by another.
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What are secondary chemical compounds?
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Chemicals produced by plants that are not products of major metabolic pathways and that deter herbivores.
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What is coevolution?
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The evolution of attributes to counter the attributes that evolve in another species in the community.
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What is warning coloration? What is cryptic coloration?
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Bright coloration used by toxin producing animals to advertise their toxicity. Camouflaged coloration used by animals without toxins to hide from predators.
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What is mimicry and what are its two types?
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The evolution of coloration similar to a species that exhibits warning coloration. Batesian (mimic is nontoxic) and Mullerian (both are toxic).
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What is symbiosis? What are its three types?
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Coevolution in which organisms interact in unique relationships. Commensalism (one species benefits, other unaffected), Mutualism (both benefit), and Parasitism (one species benefits, other harmed).
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What are the types of parasites?
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Ectoparasites- parasites that feed on the outside of the organism, include Parasitoids (lay eggs on living host). Endoparasites- parasites that feed on the organism from within the organism.
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How do predation and parasitism affect competition?
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They can reduce or counter it.
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What are indirect effects?
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Species that have an effect on one another by a chain of direct effects on intermediate species.
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What are keystone species?
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Species that have particularly strong effects on the composition of communities. They are typically predators.
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What is succession?
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The tendency of a community to become more and more complex with time.
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What is primary succession and secondary succession?
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Succession that occurs on barren, life-less substrate. Succession that occurs on a cleared area that already has soil.
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Define oligotrophic. Define eutrophic.
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Poor in nutrients. Rich in nutrients.
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What was Clements' idea of a climax community? Why is it currently not held in high regard?
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Eventually, an area's community will conform to that of its region. 1. Climate changes, 2. Succession is slow, 3. Humans affect vegetation.
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What are the three concepts that are important to succession?
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Tolerance (species can tolerate current conditions), Facilitation (species induce change which favors other species), Inhibition (species inhibit the species that facilitated them).
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What are the two theories about the stability of communities?
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Equilibrium (communities are stable and resist change) and Nonequilibrium (communities are unstable and continuously change).
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