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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe virus structure.
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A protein sheath called a capsid surrounds the nucleic acid core. Many animal viruses also have a envelope around the capsid with proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins in it. The general shape is usually either helical or isometric.
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What is a virus's host range?
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The types of cells that a virus can replicate itself in.
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What is the only structural pattern currently known in isometric viruses?
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The icosahedron (20 trianglular facets).
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What are bacterophages?
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Viruses that infect bacteria.
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What is the lytic cycle? What type of viruses induce the lytic cycle?
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The cycle of a virus reproduces within the cell and eventually causes it to lyse. Virulent viruses.
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What is the lysogenic cycle? What type of viruses induce the lysogenic cycle?
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The integration of the virus's DNA (prophage) into the host's DNA through lysogeny. Lysogenic viruses and temperate viruses.
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What is the alteration of a cell's genome by the introduction of foreign DNA called? What is it called when when the foreign DNA comes from a bacteriophage?
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Transformation. Phage conversion.
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What is a retrovirus? What is an example of a retrovirus?
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A virus that introduces RNA which is transcribed within the cell into DNA by reverse transcriptase. HIV.
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What is the series of events in an HIV infection?
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Attachment to CD4+ cells. Entry into Macrophages by attaching to CCR5. Replication by budding. Entry into T Cells, crippling the immune system.
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What are some of the ways HIV is being treated, or is hoped to be treated with?
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AZT and other nucleoside analogs, combination therapy, vaccine therapy (HIV with defect in nef gene), and chemokines (block CCR5 and CXCR4).
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What are the three types of influenza?
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Type A (humans, mammals, and birds, cause serious cases), Type B, and Type C (both are restricted to humans and are rarely serious).
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What two proteins make up the protein spikes on the flu virus and what do they do?
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Hemaglutinin (H, aid in gaining acess to cell interior) and Neuraminidase (N, help virus break free from host after replication).
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What are emerging viruses?
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Viruses that originate in one organism and then expand their host range to include another organism.
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What is hantavirus?
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A single stranded RNA virus associated with rodents.
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Ebola virus is an emerging virus. What was its original host?
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Unknown.
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Describe the virus that causes SARS.
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It is an 29,751 nucleotide RNA coronavirus with a steady mutation rate. It probably originated in civets.
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What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)? Who first proposed that they were caused by proteins? What are these proteins called and who gave them this name?
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Diseases that cause neurons in the brain to die and leave cavities. Alper and Griffith. Prions. Prusiner.
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