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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wat Tyler
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-led a rebellion in England in 1381 against the upper class who were taking advantage of the government
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Joan of Arc
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-French leader during the Hundred Years' War
-helped France achieve military victories -burned at the stake by the English after the Church convicted her of heresy and witchcraft in Rouen in 1431 |
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John Wyclif
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-taught at Oxford
-in 1380 siad the true church could do without elaborate possesions, and even that an organized church might not be necessary for salvation since regular holy people could do without priests and obtain savlation from reading the bible |
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John Huss
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-had similar ideas to Wyclif in Bohemia and became a national movement known as the Hussites
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Black Death
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-first struck europe in 1348
- thought to be carried by rodeants -had serious social and economic consequences on Europe |
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Bubonic Plague
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-historians believe this could have caused the black death
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Jaqueries
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- workers in France rebelling the upper classes' control of wages and prices
-from "Jaques" which is a nickname for peasant |
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The Hundred Years' War
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-began in 1337 between England and France
-all the battles were in France |
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War of the Roses
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--from about 1450 to 1485 England was beset by the upper class chaos
-called war of the Roses because opposing nobles had red and white soses as their symbols |
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Unam Sanctum
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-most extreme of all assertions of papal supremacy which declared that outside the Roman church there was no salvation, and that "every human creature" was "subject to the Roman pontiff"
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Babylonian Captivity
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-When the pope took um residence on the borders of Fance, said the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Church
-Popes of Avignon regarded as tools of France |
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Flagellants
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-Order in which its members went through the streets, two by two, beating each other with chains and whips
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Lollards
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- peopel who believed in the ideas such as the ones in Piers Plowman
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Piers Plowman
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- 1360s, contrasted the sufferings of the honest poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places
-by William Langland |
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Conciliar movement
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- series of councild trying to reform the Church
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simony
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-to buy or sell a church office
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concubinage
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-churchman living with a mistress
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nepotism
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-to give church positions to your own children or relatives
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indulgences
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- incouraged by Boniface VIII
-if a person properly confesed could be spared certain of temperoal punishments of purgitory by obtaining an "indulgence" for donating money |
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Dante
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-wrote the Divine Comedy
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Petrarch
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-first man of letters
-he anticipated the more fully developed humanism that was to come |
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Boccaccio
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wrote the Decameron, a series of tales designed both to entertain and to impart a certain wissdom about human character and behavior
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Salutati
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-chancellor who glorified Florentine liberty and identifying it with the liberties of ancient republican Rome before they were undermined by the Caesars
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Bruni
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-succeeded Salutati as chancellor
-wrote a history of Florence |
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Valla
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-one of the founders of textual criticism
- declared that the Donation of Constantine waas a forgery |
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Machiavelli
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-wrote The Prince, which was the most lsting work of the Italian Renaissance
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Donatello
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-italian sculptor
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Massacio
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-first grreat painter of Italian Renaissance
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Brunelleschi
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-italian architect
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Bellini
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-painter
-portrait of a condottiere, can see how a strong, real, and vivid personality looks out from the canvas |
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Medicis
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-powerful family in Italy, Giovanni was the founder of family and his son Cosimo soon became the unnofficial ruler in Florence
-two medici women became qqueens of france -family died out in 1737 |
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Lorenzo de' Medici
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-Cosimo's grandson
-used his wealth to govern -remembered as a poet, connoisseur, and lavish benefacctor of art and learning -1449-1492 |
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Christine de Pisan
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- writings helpred to spread humanist themes in France during the early fifteenth century, and also demostrated that women could participate in the debates of European intellectual life
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Castiglione
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- wrote Book of the Courtier which was an etiquette book
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Cicero
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- writings provided an ethics independent of the Christian and medieval tradition
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Pico della Mirandola
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-looked for aspects of truth not revealed in the Christian scriptures
-in 1486 claimed he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses, which he had drawn from the "the Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Greecian, Egyptian, and Latic sages" |
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Renaissance
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-french word meaning "rebirth"
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Quattrocento
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-fifteenth century Italy
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artisan
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-a person skilled in art, craftsman
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virtu
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-meant successful demonstration of human powers
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humanism
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-literary movement named because of the rising interest in humane letters
-used writing to deal with general questions or to examine their own states of mind, resolve their difficulties,used words to achieve artistic effects,or to just pleas the reader |
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perspective
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-changed during this time
-literature, art, and life reflected new perspectives |
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Book of the Courtier
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-written by Castigliones
-"courtier" was ancestor to the "gentleman" -"courtesy" was originally the kind of behavior suited to princely courts |
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rhetoric
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-ability to use language effectively
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city-states
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-towns in Italy were independent city-states
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Fuggers
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-German family of financers who had great economical and politcal power in the 15th and 16th centuries
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Durer
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-German painter and engraver
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Holbein
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-German painter
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Erasmus
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-humanist, wrote in a "purified" and intricate Latin style
-wrote praise of Folly, On Civility in Children |
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More
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-writer in England
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Regiomontanus
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-laid foundations for a mathematical conception of the universe
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Nicholas of Cusa
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--a curchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of math and science
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Copernicus
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-believed the earth moved about the sun
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Paracelsus
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--revolutionized medicine at the University of Basel
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Dr. Faustus
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--rumored to have sold his soul to the devil
-a learned german |
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Thomas a Kempis
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-wrote the Imitation fo Christ
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Gerard Groote
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-lay preacher, spoke about spiritual regeneration
-founded religious sisterhood which was followed by establishements for religiously minded men |
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Christian humanism
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-studied Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible
-were intellectuals interested in learning about theology |
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Imitation of Christ
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-Christian devotional book
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mysticism
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-the belief, or experience, that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God
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lay religion
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-religion about the inward devotiion to faith not about outward signs or vows
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the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
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-Brothers had schools
-lived communally but not as monks and nuns -emphasized the Christian ideal of character and conduct to instill such qualities as humility, tolerance, reverence, love of one's neighbor and the conscientious perfomance of duty |
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Modern Devotion
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- movement focused on the Christian ideal of character and conduct to instill such qualities as humility, tolerance, reverence, love of one's neighbor and the conscientious perfomance of duty
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Henry VII
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-first of the tudors
-gained throne by force, put an end to the civil turbulance of the Wars of the Roses -pased laws against livery and maintenance |
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Henry VIII
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-split ties with the roman Catholic Church after not being allowed to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon
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Elizabeth I
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-Anne Boleyn's and henry VIII child
-under her england became protestant |
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Louis XI
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-represented new monarchy in France
-of the Valois line -rounded out the french borders -enlarged powers over the clergy |
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Francois I
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-king of France , allied with Lutheran princes, though a Catholic
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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-married Isabella of Castile
-connected there two kingdoms only on a personal level |
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Isabella of Castile
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-married Ferdinand of Aragon
-connected their two kingdoms only on a personal level |
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Maximilian I
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-Holy roman Emperor (1493-1519)
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Charles V
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-Holy roman Emperor ans so symbolic head of Germany
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the Tudors
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-new monarchy
-"dynasty of the tudors" - 1485-1603 -first king was Henry VII |
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the War of the Roses
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-the upper class was in turmoil trying to fight for power
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Valois
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-the line in France of monarchs
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Concordat of Bologna
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-said that the pope recived money from French ecclesiastics but the french kind appointed the French bishops and abbots
-because the french controlled their own natiional clergy was one reason why they were never tempted to turn protestant |
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Reconquista
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-finally completed when Granada was conquered from the Moors in 1492
-spanish against muslims |
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Habsburgs
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-influential family who ended up having a line of Holy roman Emperors intil 1806
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Luther
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-first to successfully defy church authorities
-believed that faith alone justifies a person not their works -created Lutheran church |
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Tetzel
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-friar
-said indulgences would free people from some punishments of purgatory and for these indugences the faithful paid certain sums of money -Luther disagreed with this |
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Calvin
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-frenchman who published Institutes of Christian Religion
-both he and Luther reformed against Church -didnt believe bread and wine was really Jesus' body and blood -created calvinism |
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Zwingli
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-swiss protestant reformer
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Henry VIII
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-was at first a devout Christian
-broke from the church after being denied ability to divorce his wife Caherine of Aragon -married six wives |
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Thomas More
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-author of Utopia-executed for treason by Henry VIII because he rejected the oath of supremacy which declared the king to be head of the curch
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Mary Tudor
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-daughter of Catherine of Aragon
-devout Catholic -tried to make catholicism the religion of England -bloody mary |
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Elizabeth I
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-made England protestant
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Anglican Church
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-Church of England
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"justification by faith alone"
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-Luther's idea that only faith could justify life not works such as prayers and alms like the Curch suggests
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95 Theses
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-what Luther hung on the door of the castlle
-his complaints about the church |
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Diet of Worms
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-general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, addressed martin Luther and the Protestant reformation
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Schmalkald League
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-group of Lutheran princes and freee cities
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Peace of Augsburg
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-said that any Catholic bishop or other churchman who turned Lutheran in the future or has as recently as 1552 should not carry his territory with him but should move away leaving his land and its inhabitants Cathlic
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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-written by Calvin
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consubstantiation
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-God was somehow actually present in the bread and wine
-Luther believed this |
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39 Articles
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-defining statements of the Anglican doctrine
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Church of England
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-resembled the Lutheran church organizationally
-state church -all english subjects had to be part of it -in religious practice it was protestant |
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Pope Leo III
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-crowned charlemagne emperor
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Catholic Reformation
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-in reaction to the protestant reformation
-declaring its laws and practices again |
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Counter-Reformation
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-Council of Trent
-Jesuits -reaffirming Catholic belief |
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Council of Trent
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-small council
-declared justification to be by works and faith combined, defined 7 sacraments, priesthood set apart from holy orders, transubstantiation was reaffirmed, celibacy of clergy maintained, existence of purgatory reaffirmed |
