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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment is called___________ and is composed of ____________.
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Glycocalyx; polysaccharides
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What is/are the most prominent function(s) of glycocalyx?
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Adherence to environmental surfaces and development of biofilms
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List the secondary functions of glycocalyx.
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Receptor and communication functions. Also, some protective function.
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Fungi and most algae have a _______, ________ cell wall surrounding the cell membrane, while Protozoa, some algae, and ALL animal cells are encased by a____________ and __________ cell walls.
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Fungi/algae = thick, rigid cell wall
Protozoa/animals = cell membrane, lack cell walls. |
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Fungi were originally classified with __________ but are now classified as ____________.
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Green plants (along with algae and bacteria)
Kingdom Fungi or Eumycota |
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What is another name for Kingdom Fungi?
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Eumycota
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How long has fungi survived on earth?
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Approximately 650 million years
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How many species of fungi are KNOWN? How many are ESTIMATED?
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100,000 known, 1.5 million estimated
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Name the two main fungal groups and give examples of each.
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MACROSCOPIC
Mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi MICROSCOPIC molds and yeasts |
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Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?
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Majority considered to be unicellular, but complex forms (mushrooms, puffballs) are considered multicellular
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What is the name of the polysaccharide contained in fungi cell walls?
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Chitin
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What is a fungal cell membrane made of?
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Sterol and ergosterol
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Name the basic morphological types of microscopic fungi and how are they different?
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Hyphae are long, threadlike cells making up filamentous fungi (molds). Yeast are round to oval shaped and reproduce asexually by budding.
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What does "dimorphic" mean?
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Dimorphic refers to fungal cells that can exist either as yeast or hyphae depending on growing conditions (change in temp, etc.)
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What are pseudohyphae?
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A short chain of yeasts that form when buds remain attached.
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What types of fungi are seen most often as dimorphic?
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Pathogenic molds
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ALL fungi are heterotrophic. What does this mean?
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Able to acquire nutrients from a variety of organic substrates.
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MOST fungi are _________. They obtain nutrients from __________.
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Saprobes
Remnants of dead plants and animals. |
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What do fungi have that aids in digestion?
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Enzymes....able to digest wood, rubber, feathers, etc.
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Describe the mechanism by which a fungus works.
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Fungus penetrate the substrate and secrete enzymes that reduce it into smaller molecules to be absorbed.
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What are the two subtypes of asexual spore?
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1. Sporangiospores (enclosed)
2. Conidia (free, not enclosed) |
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Name the 6 forms of conidiaspores
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1. Arthrospore
2. Chlamydospore 3. Blastospore 4. Phialospore 5. Micro/Macroconidium 6. Porospore |
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Describe zygospores
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Diploid spores formed when hyphae of 2 opposite strains fuse and create a diploid zygote that swells and becomes covered by strong, spiny walls.
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What are the names of the 2 parts that fuse to form a zygote in zygospores?
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The plus and minus strains
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Describe ascospores
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Haploid spores created inside a fungal sac (ascus)
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What are basidiospores?
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Haploid spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell called a basidium. They form via two mating types fusing, and forming terminal cells with diploid nuclei. Each becomes a basidium and the nucleus produces (meiosis) four haploid nuclei.
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What is the function of the fruiting body of a mushroom?
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It is designed to protect and disseminate its sexual spores.
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What are dikaryons?
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Terminal cells that contain a diploid nucleus, the end result of male and female sexual organs fusing in ascospores.
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The potentially lethal toxin "aflatoxin" is given off by what mold?
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Aspergillus flavus
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What reactions does aflatoxin induce?
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It is the cause of liver cancer in humans, and causes disease in domestic animals that have ingested grain infected with the mold.
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As much as ____% of the yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi, not humans.
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40
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Give 4 ways fungi are beneficial in nature?
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1. Decomposition (returning essential minerals to the soil)
2. Increasing the ability for roots to absorb water and nutrients 3. Production of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins 4. Some are eaten, or used for flavorings |
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List 4 ways fungi is detrimental in nature.
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1. Release chemicals that cause allergies.
2. Poisonous mushrooms can induce neurological disturbances and death 3. Can cause disease in animals (aflatoxin) 4. Can cause of disease (cancer) in humans |
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Seaweed and kelps are part of what group? What is one of their major characteristics?
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Algae; photosynthesis
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How large is the range of size of algae?
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From micrometers (um) to 100 meters
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T or F
Algae is simple and contains no organelles. |
False. Algae contains most of the organells, including chloroplasts containing pigments that cause the vast colorations in algae.
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List 3 ways algae can be found
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1. unicellular
2. colonial 3. filamentous |
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What is plankton?
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Large floating communities of microscopic organisms of which algae are a main component.
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One of the most prevalent groups of algae are single-celled chrysophyta called __________.
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diatoms
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How do some algae species survive harsh conditions? What conditions does this include?
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Formation of resistant spores for survival in cold (snow), extreme heat (hot springs), and dry conditions (deserts).
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Why are algae rarely infectious? Name one exception.
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Animal tissues are inhospitable to algae. The exception is Prototheca (a non-photosynthetic algae)
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What is the significance of Prototheca?
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It is a non-photosynthetic algae associated with skin and subcutaneous infections in humans and animals.
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Explain the primary medical threat from algae.
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A type of food poisoning caused by toxins of marine algae (namely, dinoflagellates).
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Name one condition dinoflagellates cause.
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Red Tide
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What is the intoxication caused by algal toxins accumlating in fish?
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Ciguatera
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Name the toxic algae found to cause several episodes of severe infection in the US, first reported in fish, and later transmitted to humans.
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Pfiesteria piscicida
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What are the effects of Pfiesteria piscicida?
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In both fish and humans, neurological symptoms and bloody skin lesions.
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What is a fungi that has developed as a normal resident to a plant called?
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Endophyte
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Name 3 fungi that have the capacity to give off airborne spores and toxins that cause symptoms sometimes referred to as "sick building syndrome"?
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Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Stachybotrys
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List the symptoms of "sick building syndrome"
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Skin rash
Flulike reactions Sore throat Headaches Fatigue Diarrhea Allergies Immune suppression |
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What is the name of a scientist who studies the mechanism of toxic effects with aim to develop diagnosis and treatment?
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Mycologist
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Describe lichens
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Unusually hybrid organisms that form when fungus combines with a photosynthetic microbe.
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Under normal conditions, fungi functions include what?
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Nutritional and protective interactions with plants and algae
Biological control of soil through decomposition and recycling, antagonism, and competition |
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What is the term used to describe fungal infections?
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Mycoses
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Zygospores germinate and form a ___________ which gives rise to a ___________.
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Mycelium; sporangium
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What is another name for Mastigophora?
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Zoomastigophora
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How do Mastigophoroa reproduce?
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Via sexual reproduction (syngamy) and division by longitudinal fission
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Examples of Mastigophora include what?
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Trypanosoma and Leishmania
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How are Trypanosoma spread?
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They are blood pathogens spread by insect vectors
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What is the motile component of Mastigophora?
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Primarily flagella, or flagellar amoeboid
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What is the mode of reproduction for Apicomplexa?
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Both asexual and sexual
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Apicomplexa produce __________ following sexual reproduction.
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Sporozoites
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What is an oocyst?
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A thick-walled zygote formed by Apicomplexa.
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Name the most prevalent protozoan parasite. Whatbdoes it cause?
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Plasmodium; causes Malaria
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What is the mode of transport of Ciliophora?
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Trophozoites are motile by cilia
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Are Ciliophora pathogenic?
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Most are free-living and harmless. One exception is Balantidium
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What group of Protozoa do Entamoeba belong to?
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Sarcodina (amoebas)
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What is Entamoeba?
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A human intestinal parasite
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Give examples of Mastigophora
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Trypanosoma and Leishmania (insect vectors)
Giardia (spread via feces contaminated water) Trichsonomas (sexual contact) |
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Give examples of Mastigophora
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Trypanosoma and Leishmania (insect vectors)
Giardia (spread via feces contaminated water) Trichsonomas (sexual contact) |
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In regard to Apicomplexa, what is the mode of transportation?
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Motility is absent in most cells except male gametes.
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What protozoan group does Cryptosporidium belong to?
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Apicomplexa
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What protozoan group does Trichomonas belong to?
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Mastigophora
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What is the significance of Balantidium?
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It is the only pathogen in the protozoan group Ciliophora. The rest are harmless.
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What are foraminifera?
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Shelled amoebas responsible for chalk depositsnon the ocean (along with radiolarians)
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What are sporozoites?
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Spore like cells produced by Apicomplexa.
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What is the reproductive mode of Sarcodina?
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Asexual reproduction via fission
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What are the two representative species of Trypanosomes?
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T. brucei and T. cruzi
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What disease is associated with T. cruzi?
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Chagas disease...transmitted by the reduviid or kissing bug (human and mammalian hosts)
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Where do T. brucei and T. cruzi most often occur?
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T. brucei occurs in Africa
T. cruzi occurs in South and central America |
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What is the mechanism of action of Trypanosome?
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Trophozoite multiplies in the intestinal tract of the reduviid bug and is harbored in the feces. The bug then seeks out a host and bites near a mucous membrane, releasing feces near the bite. Upon infecting the wound and entering the hosts body, the trypanosomes multiply in the muscle and white blood cells. When the parasitized cells rupture, large amounts of trophozoites are released in the blood, potentially spreading to lymph, heart, brain, and liver systems.
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What are the symptoms of trypanosomes?
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Fever, inflammation, heart and brain damage. Can cause death.
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What is another name for amebic dysentery? Give the causative agent.
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Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica
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Name the specific types of helminths
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Tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes
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What is a nematode?
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Another name for roundworm (Phylum Aschelminthes)
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What is a cestode?
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One of two groups of flatworms also called a tapeworm, characterized by it long, flat, ribbonlike body
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How is a Trematode described?
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A fluke, characterized by flat, ovoid bodies
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Why are helminths classified with microorganisms?
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Because of their infectious ability and the necessity to view eggs and larvae with a microscope.
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