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18 Cards in this Set

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basic structure of corona viruses? genetics? physical structure proteins? diseases?
ssRNA, positive strand, with an envelope.


There are spkes (major antigen for Ab's), membrane proteins, and nucleoprotein. These are M and N.

Some also have hemaglutenin esterase (HE), though not all.

Worried about common colds (OC43, 229E, sars)
how does a corona virus get into the cell and replicate?.
uses receptors 0 including ACEII receptor. undergoes ENDOCYTOSIS. pH does NOT have an effect on fusion of the virus and endosome - it happens in a pH independent method.

eventually buds out through golgi and leaves.
what are the corona viruses we should be familiar with? hosts?
TGEV (porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus)

BCoV-E/R (cattle)

FIPV (feline infectious peritonitis virus).

IBV - infectious bronchitis virus (chickens)

SARS

also, probably good to know that 0c43 and 2293 are mild cold causing viruses in humans.
details about TGEV
porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

found in baby pigs, causes lots of intestinal problems. PRCoV is a mutated form of this. Causes pneumonia
BCoV?
bovine coronavirus.

there are E and R, for enteric and respiratory.

aka shipping fever. vaccine available, not much use in the US.
IBV?
baby chicks! this is infectious bronchitis virus.

here FIND VIREMIA - so disposing of lots of blood is hard. infects lots of organs.
FIPV
feline infectious peritonitis virus.

domestic cat problem. Infects respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells.

also get VIREMIA, like with the chicks and IBV.

also can have CNS involvement.

** Antibody Dependent Enhancement is a problem here **.

so after primary infection is cleared, secondary comes in and is far worse. Same idea as what happens in DENGUE FEVER.
what are the symptoms of human coronavirus infection? Course?
sore throat, sneezing, coughing.

FEVER and MALAISE are RARE with regular colds, more common with SARS.

incubation is under 72 hours, symptoms 7-11 days.

see secondary bacterial infections in 2% of patients.

smokers have WORSE symptoms, but not more often
what causes damage in coronavirus infections? Treatment?
inflammatory response - the virus itself isn't really cytopathic.

PMN problem.

Mucociliary transport stopped from infection.

treatment is supportive. also diagnose by PCR or viral culture or serotyping, not usually done. Check for secondary infections.
sars - how deadly is it, how many cases have there been? what's the animal reservoir?
novel coronavirus. 8000 cases. mortality between 12 and 16%.

masked palm civet identified as reservoir. Racoon dog. Bat.
what happens to cells in culture from SARS?
it's cytopathic to cells in culture -weird for a coronavirus. not necessarily happening in people.
clinical symptoms of sars? x rays?
flu like for awhile - fatigue, headache, FEVER that's mild, myalgias. Not the same as a normal cold (fever/myalgias).

then stage 2 - lower respiratory. dry cough, dyspnea, progressive hypoxemia.

xrays look normal, then in a week they look weird. focal infiltrates, patchy, then general distribution.

end up on mechanical ventilators for months.
how can you get sars? pathology?
like other coronaviruses, fomites/droplets.

pneumocytes (type1) definitely get infected, as they have viral RNA inside them in fatal cases. Also seen in urine and poop.

immune mediated pathology is definitely involved.
what's an important chemical in SARS?
CXCL-10
also called IP10.

it recruits T cells and monocytes to tissues, turned on by interferon gamma.

also a problem in other coronaviruses.

high rates of CXCL10 in dead patients.
current/future treatments for sars?
may be a comfort role for cortiocsteroids.

maybe ace-2 inhibitors, 3CL inhibitors.

future vaccines for at risk populations.
talk about the different immunity targets on coronaviruses and how they might work
spike - this is good for antibodies and cell mediated immunity, neutralization, fusion inhibition


nucleocapsid - if it's inside, it'd be a target for NON NEUTRALZING antibodies. Cell mediated immunity.

same thing for membrane - non neutralizing.
what's one chemical difference between sars and other coronaviruses?
sars has no HE (hemagglutinin esterase) on the viron surface.
are there some good coronavirus vaccines? challenges?
one for TGEV and BCoV, kinda work. IBV short lived.

FPIV makes the disease worse.

generally want LIVE ATTENUATED vaccines.

challenges include enhancement of disease (cats), poor protection, recombination.

NOTE - SARS requires MULTIPLE pathways for vaccine development.