T1 Biochem Block 1- Basics- Functional Groups And Amino Acids

Front 1

What functional group does this represent?

Back 1

Amino

Front 2

What functional group does this represent?

Back 2

Alcohol

Front 3

What functional group does this represent?

Back 3

Amido

Front 4

What is the name for the carbon and oxygen bonded together in this molecule?

Back 4

Carbonyl group

Front 5

What functional group does this represent?

Back 5

Anhydride

Front 6

What functional group does this represent?

Back 6

Carboxylate

Front 7

What functional group does this represent?

Back 7

Carboxylic acid

Front 8

What functional group does this represent?

Back 8

Ester

Front 9

What functional group does this represent?

Back 9

Ether

Front 10

What functional group does this represent?

Back 10

Guanidino

Front 11

What functional group does this represent?

Back 11

Imidazole

Front 12

What functional group does this represent?

Back 12

Mixed Anhydride- Carboxylic acid and a phosphoric acid together. Also called acyl phosphate.

Front 13

What functional group does this represent?

Back 13

Phosphoanhydride

Front 14

What functional group does this represent?

Back 14

Phosphoryl

Front 15

What functional group does this represent?

Back 15

Disulfide

Front 16

What functional group does this represent?

Back 16

Sulfhydryl

Front 17

What functional group does this represent?

Back 17

Thioester

Front 18

How many bonds does carbon form? Which element(s) does it typically form bonds with?

Back 18

Carbon forms four bonds, typically with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.

Front 19

How many bonds does nitrogen form? Which element(s) does it typically form bonds with?

Back 19

Nitrogen forms 3 bonds, usually with carbon or hydrogen.

Front 20

How many bonds does sulfur form? Which element(s) does it typically form bonds with?

Back 20

Sulfur forms two bonds, typically with carbon or hydrogen.

Front 21

How many bonds does phosphorus form? Which element(s) does it typically form bonds with?

Back 21

Phosphorus forms five bonds with oxygen

Front 22

Which functional group is this?

Back 22

Phenyl

Front 23

Name an example of this functional group.

Back 23

The side chain of histidine

Front 24

Name an example of this functional group.

Back 24

The side chain of arginine

Front 25

Name an example of this functional group.

Back 25

The side chain of cysteine.

Front 26

Name an example of this functional group

Back 26

The cystine bond formed by joining 2 cysteine residues together.

Front 27

Name an example of where you might find this functional group.

Back 27

It can be added or removed from proteins to activate/deactivate them. (The group is a phosphoryl group).

Front 28

What are the four weak forces that are important in biomolecules? List them from the strongest to the weakest.

Back 28

Ionic interactions (attraction or repulsion), hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals forces.

Front 29

What does amphipathic mean?

Back 29

Molecules containing both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be amphipathic.

Front 30

Why are weak forces such a big deal in biochemistry?

Back 30

A lot of biochemistry requires that bonds are formed and broken transiently (such as the bonds between an enzyme and its substrate). Covalent bonds are too strong to do this. An enzyme is usually required to break a covalent bond and forming them requires too much energy input.

Front 31

What is the normal pH in the human body?

Back 31

7.2-7.4

Front 32

What is a zwitterion? Why are these important?

Back 32

A zwitterion is a molecule that contains both acidic and basic functional groups. These functional groups on the zwitterion are charged at physiologic pH, but they contain equal numbers of positive and negative charges, so the net charge is 0. These are important because they form the basis for buffers that keep pH in the body within a very narrow range.

Front 33

What are the 7 nonpolar amino acids (excluding those with a phenyl group in their side chain)?

Back 33

Glycine (Gly or G), Alanine (Ala, A), Proline (pro, P), Valine (val, V), Leucine (leu, L), Isoleucine (ile, I), and methionine (met, M).

Front 34

Most of the amino acids (99%) in the human body are of which stereoisomeric form?

Back 34

The L form.

Front 35

Which amino acid does not have a D form and an L form? Why?

Back 35

Glycine (gly, G) does not have stereoisomers because its side chain is only a hydrogen. Thus, the alpha carbon is bonded to two hydrogens, making stereochemistry impossible.

Front 36

Which amino acids have an aromatic ring in their side chains? List in order from most to least polar.

Back 36

Tyrosine (tyr, Y), Tryptophan (trp, W), and Phenylalanine (phe, F).

Front 37

Which amino acid can form disulfide bonds in its side chain if you have two of them?

Back 37

Two cysteine (cys, C) residues can link side chains (covalently) via a disulfide bond. These strong bonds are very important for structural integrity of proteins.

Front 38

What are the polar, uncharged amino acids?

Back 38

Asparagine (asn, N), Glutamine (gln, Q), Serine (ser, S), and Threonine (thr, T)

Front 39

Which amino acids are negatively charged at physiologic pH?

Back 39

Glutamate (glu, E) and Aspartate (asp, D). At a lower pH, they will be neutral and will be called glutamic and aspartic acids, respectively.

Front 40

Which are the positively charged amino acids?

Back 40

Arginine (arg, R), Lysine (lys, K), and Histidine (his, H).

Front 41

If the Pka of an amino acid's side chain is less than 7.4 (physiologic pH), will it donate or accept a hydrogen?

Back 41

Donate, as in aspartate (asp, D) and glutamate (glu, E).

Front 42

Which functional group gets phosphorylated? What type of enzyme does that?

Back 42

Hydroxyl groups (-OH) get phosphorylated by enzymes called kinases.

Front 43

Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

Back 43

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine. Serine and threonine are phosphorylated by the same kinase and tyrosine has its own.

Front 44

V

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 44

Valine (val)

Front 45

L

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 45

Leucine (leu)

Front 46

I

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 46

Isoleucine (ile)

Front 47

F

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 47

Phenylalanine (phe)

Front 48

Y

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 48

Tyrosine (tyr)

Front 49

W

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 49

Tryptophan (trp)

Front 50

N

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 50

Asparagine (asn)

Front 51

Q

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 51

Glutamine (gln)

Front 52

S

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 52

Serine (ser)

Front 53

T

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 53

Threonine (thr)

Front 54

M

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 54

Methionine (met)

Front 55

C

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 55

Cysteine (cys)

Front 56

D

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 56

Aspartate (asp)

Front 57

E

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 57

Glutamate (glu)

Front 58

R

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 58

Arginine (arg)

Front 59

K

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 59

Lysine (lys)

Front 60

H

(Which amino acid is this?)

Back 60

Histidine (his)