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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systems Physiology Test 1Q
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Systems Physiology Test 1A
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BASIC CONCEPTS - HOMEOSTASIS
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BASIC CONCEPTS – HOMEOSTASIS
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1. What is the principle of Complementarity?
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1. Function always reflects structure
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2. Secondary active transport requires what?
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2. Concentration gradient for energy source
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3. What are organs?
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3. Anatomical and functional units made up of 2 or more primary tissues
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4. What is homeostasis?
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4. Ability for an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
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5. What are the three steps of homeostasis?
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5. Reception, integration, effects
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6. What are the three independent components of control mechanism?
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6. Receptor, control center, effector
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7. What does the control center do?
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7. Determines the set point at which a variable will be kept
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8. Homeostasis is primarily maintained by ____________.
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8. Negative feedback loops
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9. What are the two regulatory mechanisms? Describe both.
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9. Intrinsic (in organ regulated), Extrinsic (outside regulation, e.g. nervous/endocrine)
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10. What are the three components of negative feedback? Describe each.
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10. Sensor (detect dev/ from setpoint), Intergration center (determines response), effector (effect)
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11. Give an example of negative feedback? Positive feedback?
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11. Blood glucose (rise when fasting, drop when eating), Blood clotting (platelets attract platelets)
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12. What may occur if negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed?
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12. Destructive positive mechanisms take over
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM BASICS
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NERVOUS SYSTEM BASICS
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13. What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
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13. Sensory input, integration, motor output
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14. Sensory (afferent) in the PNS has both somatic and _______ portions.
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14. Visceral
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15. Motor (efferent) in the PNS has both somatic and _______ portions.
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15. Autonomic
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16. Somatic divisions refer to _____________.
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16. Voluntary control
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17. Describe the ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.
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17. Short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic neurons
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18. What do Dual innervations allows for?
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18. System counteraction and smoothing
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19. What cell has a 5x higher concentration than neurons?
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19. Glial cells (for homeostasis)
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20. _________ moves soluble compounds toward __________ via rhythmic contractions of axon.
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20. Axoplasmic flow, nerve endings
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21. Describe the ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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21. Long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic neurons
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22. What is axonal transport?
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22. Moves large & insoluble compounds bidirectionally along microtubules. Very fast.
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23. What is movement toward the axon terminal?
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23. Anterograde
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24. What are the functions of neurons?
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24. Generate/transmit APs, secrete neurotransmitters from axonal terminals
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25. What is the blood-brain-barrier?
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25. Specialized capillary tight junctions allowing only certain compounds to enter brain
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26. What is the underlying functional feature of the nervous system?
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26. Action potentials
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27. Neurons are ___________.
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27. Highly irritable
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28. Neuron action potentials are always the same regardless o f___________.
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28. Stimulus
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29. The resting membrane potential is maintained by what?
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29. Large cations trapped in cell, Na/K pump, Na+ outside, K+ inside & negatively attracted
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30. In a neuromuscular junction, ________ neurons use _________ as a neurotransmitter.
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30. Cholinergic, Ach
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31. What are the large EPSPs call on skeletal muscle?
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31. End-plate potentials
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32. The large EPSPs do what?
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32. Open voltage gated channels beneath the end plate causing muscle contraction
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33. What is a drug that blocks Ach action at an NMJ?
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33. Curare
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34. What are presynaptic inhibitions?
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34. Inhibitory interactions that stabilize the central nervous system
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35. What is a Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) caused by?
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35. Increased Cl- conductance of postjunctional membrane
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36. What is a Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) caused by?
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36. ↑ conductance of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+ and K+ responding to a neurotransmitter
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RECEPTORS
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RECEPTORS
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37. What two inhibitory receptors are from the same superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels?
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37. GABA and Glycine
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38. GABAA receptor is a ____________________.
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38. Cl- channel
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39. GABAB receptor is a ____________________.
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39. Metatropic receptor
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40. Excitatory amino acid receptors are all activated by __________.
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40. Glutamate
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41. What are the excitatory amino acid receptors and provide any extra information if available.
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41. AMPA, NMDA (permits flow of Na+ K+ and Ca2+, blocked by Mg), Kinate, L-AP4
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42. What is the full name for AMPA?
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42. α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazole
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43. What is the full name of NMDA?
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43. N-methyl-D-aspartate
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44. Metabotropic receptors mobilize ____ and increase _____________.
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44. IP3, Ca2+
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45. Metabotropic receptors sometimes associate with __________________, a.k.a. _________.
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45. Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (g-proteins)
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46. What are the five basic properties of receptors?
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46. Binding is saturable reversible, and of high affinity, specificity, physiological action, multiplicity
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47. What is the saturable/reversible equation and what does each factor stand for?
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47. *R+ + *L+ ↔ *RL+ : R = concentration of receptors, L = concentration of ligand, RL is the complex
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48. Bmax corresponds to what?
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48. Limited number of protein molecules
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49. What is the equation of the dissociation constant? What is another name for it?
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49. Kd = [R] * [L] / [RL] : Binding constant
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50. What is the equation of the association constant?
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50. Ka = [RL] / [R] * [L]
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51. How much is high-affinity? Practically, how does high-affinity apply here?
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51. Less than a micromolar concentration : a small quantity is needed to saturate a receptor
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52. How are receptors defined?
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52. By the pharmacological agent(s) that binds to it
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53. Reversible agonist will ____ with the actual intended ligand, which may _____________.
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53. Compete, boost ligand production
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54. Irreversible agonists will ______ and may _____________.
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54. Continually excite, destroy a receptor and associated neuropeptide
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55. Secondary messenger molecules will continue to send inhib/excit signals until what?
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55. A specific cellular function is accomplished
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56. Ion channels alter what?
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56. Polarization of membrane according to ion permeability
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57. There is often ___________ receptor for a central neurotransmitter.
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57. More than 1
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58. When do different effector mechanisms exist for the same central neurotransmitter?
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58. When different concentrations of the NT is released at the site
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59. What are autonomic receptors coupled with?
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59. GTP-binding proteins (g-proteins)
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60. G proteins are ________ with __, __, and __ subunits.
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60. Heterotrimeric : α, β, γ
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61. What are the two kinds of α subunits?
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61. Stimulatory αs and Inhibitory αi
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62. If a α-subunit binds to a ______ it becomes inactive.
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62. GDP
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63. Binding of GTP activates __________, causing _________, thus _________ the G protein.
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63. Intrinsic GTPase activity, GTP hydrolysis producing GDP, inactivating
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64. To initiate physiological actions, what do enzymes do G-proteins couple GPCR with?
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64. Adenylate cyclase (AC) & Phospholipase C
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65. AC produces what secondary messenger?
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65. cAMP
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66. Phospholipase C produces what secondary messenger?
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66. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
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67. Usually the secondary messengers _________.
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67. Amplify a signal which is sent on a cascade till a physiological action is produced
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68. Norepineprine acts as _________ messenger.
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68. First
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS & NEUROPEPTIDES
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS & NEUROPEPTIDES
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69. What are the neurotransmitters?
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69. Ach, NorEpi, Epi, Dopamine, 5HT, histamine, purine, GABA, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, NO2
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70. How are NTs inactivated?
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70. Active reuptake and enzymatic metabolism
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71. The synaptic vesicle membrane is recycled by ______________.
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71. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
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72. What is additionally need to recycle the synaptic vesicle?
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72. Na and Mg
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73. What are the five basic steps of chemical nerve transmission?
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73. Synthesis of NT, vesicle storage, synaptic release, receptor stimulation, termination of NT
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74. Depolarization opens ______ channels in the presynaptic nerve terminal leading to exocytosis.
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74. Voltage gated Ca2+
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75. The influx of Ca2+ is the result of what 4 factors?
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75. Calcium channels opening, mitochondria/ER/calcisome release of stored calcium
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76. When Ca2+ floods the active site, which vesicles undergo exocytosis?
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76. Small fast neurotransmission NT synaptic vesicles
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77. After repetitive stimulation, what is release from distinct areas other than the active sites?
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77. Large dense neuropeptides and proteins
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78. NT receptors are present _________, and can ___________ upon subsequent depolarization.
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78. Pre & post synaptic, inhibit or enhance exocytosis
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79. What NTs are reuptaken by a transport protein coupled to the Na+ gradient?
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79. Dopamine, NorEpi, Glutamate, and GABA
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80. Which NTs are degraded?
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80. Ach, and peptides
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81. Which NTs are uptaken and metabolized by glial cells?
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81. Glutamate
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82. Epinephrine is produced from what amino acid? Serotonin? NO2?
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82. Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Arginine
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83. VIP and CCK, both neuropeptides, are used in the GI tract for ___________.
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83. Digestion
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84. PIPs _____ + _____ . What classification are the products?
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84. IP3, DAG, Secondary Messanger Molecules
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85. Neurotransmitters act: _________ and _________________.
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85. Fast, on another neuron within a short distance
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86. Neurotransmitters release: ___________ and _____________.
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86. In small quantities, in a quantal fashion
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87. NTs elicit a _______. If they do not, but still adhere to a receptors, it is a ____________.
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87. Specific action, binding protein
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88. NTs bind to specific receptors in a ____________ and ____________ manner.
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88. Saturable, reversible
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89. The quantal theory of neurotransmitters is called ____________.
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89. Vesicular hypothesis of quantal neurotransmitter release
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90. A quantum is a __________.
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90. Vesicle
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91. Exocytosis is led by sequential ________________ located in the ______________.
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91. Phosphorylation of Synapsin-I proteins, synaptic vesicular membrane
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92. What structures are phosphoralated on the synapsin? What does the phosphoralation?
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92. First the outside OH, then the two inside OH’s : Kinases
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93. Non-peptide neurotransmitters are biosynthesized by _________________________.
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93. Several enzymes by Varying sources of starting material
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94. Peptide neurotransmitters are biosynthesized by __________ and transported to the _______.
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94. The cell body, nerve terminal
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95. What are the large dense core vesicles that NTs are synthesized, packed, and stored in?
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95. Synaptic vesicles
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96. In autonomic ganglion, what are the Ach receptors?
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96. Muscarinic, Nicotinic
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97. In autonomic ganglion, what are the neuropeptide receptors?
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97. Substance P, Enkephalin, Lutenizing hormone, Neurotensin, Somatostatin
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98. What are the 2 forms of Ach?
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98. Membrane bound and soluble
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99. Where is AchE found?
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99. In the cleft
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100. What blocks the nicotinic cholinergic receptor? Muscarine?
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100. Curare, Atropine
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101. Preganglionic nicotinic receptors for the PNS & SNS are present at the ______ and _________.
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101. Neuromuscular junction, adrenal medulla
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102. Binding of nicotinic Ach causes what ions influx/efflux?
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102. Influx Na, Efflux K
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103. Postganglionic muscarinic receptors are located where?
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103. Heart, smooth muscle, and glands
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104. Activation of the M1 receptors results in what?
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104. Calcium influx (may be due to Ca Store depletion)
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105. Activation of the M2 receptors inhibits _________ resulting in ________________.
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105. Adenylate cyclase, decreased levels and production of cAMP and slower rate of depolarization
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106. What are the major CNS exctiory neurotransmitters?
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106. Glutamic acid & aspartic acid
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107. What is the most common inhibitory NT in the brain?
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107. GABA
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108. Adenlase cyclase turns what into cAMP; cAMP is a ______________ molecule.
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108. ATP, secondary messenger
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109. Glycine is an _______ NT, opening ________ channels and can be blocked by _____________.
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109. Inhibitory, Cl-, strychnine
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110. GABAa receptors have what pharmalogical binding sites?
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110. Thyroid hormone, steroid, and BZ
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111. Neuropeptides can cause a _______ of effects and not thought to ____________.
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111. Wide range of effects, open ion channels
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112. Many neuropeptides are ____________ and involved in _________ and ____________.
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112. Neuromodulators, learning and neural plasticity
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113. Cholecystokinin promotes what?
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113. Satiety following meals
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114. Substance P is a ________ neuropeptide.
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114. Pain
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115. What are the analgesic neuropeptides?
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115. Endorpins, enkephalins, and dynorphin
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116. _________, an ____________, blocks the analgesic effects of some peptides.
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116. Naloxone, opiate antagonist
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117. Describe the most common neuropeptide.
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117. Neuropeptide Y : inhibits glutamate in hippocampus, stimulates appetite
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118. What is the only lipid neuropeptide? What is its effects?
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118. Endocannabinoids : analgesic effects similar to that of THC in marijuana
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119. What are the gaseous neuropeptides?
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119. NO and CO
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120. What system do gaseous neuropeptides work through?
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120. Act through gCAMP secondary messenger system
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121. What specifically does NO cause?
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121. Smooth muscle contraction
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122. Analgesic peptides may also be blocked by what?
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122. Enzymatic destruction
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123. What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?
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123. NorEpi, dopamine, and serotonin
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124. What happens when monoamine NT’s are activated?
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124. G-protein cascade to affect ion channels and/or other membrane proteins
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125. When an monoamine NT binds to the β-receptor, the _______ dissociate and _______ bonds.
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125. G-protein subunits (α, β, δ), GTP bonds with α
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126. The α-GTP activates the ___________ producing ___________ via ____.
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126. Adenylate cyclase, Cyclic AMP, ATP
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127. The cyclic AMP activates ___________, which _______________.
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127. Protein kinases, opens ion channels
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128. When an monoamine NT binds to the α2-receptor, _____________ is inhibited.
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128. Adenylate cyclase is inhibits, so less cAMP and protein kinase activation
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129. Monamines are mostly broken down by enzymes (__%), what is the primary enzyme?
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129. 90%, Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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130. MAOI’s are used as _____________.
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130. Antidepressants
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131. Serotonin is involved in the regulation of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
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131. Mood, behavior, appetite, sleep, cerebral circulation
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132. What pharmaceutical is structurally similar to serotonin?
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132. LSD
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133. SSRIs, which function by _________________, include what named antidepressants?
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133. Block reuptake of serotonin, Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox
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134. Norepinephrine, is a neurotransmitter where?
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134. Brain and postganglionic sympathetic neurons
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135. Dopamine’s biological activity occurs in the _____, most significantly in the ________.
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135. Periphery, kidney
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136. Where and how is epinephrine released?
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136. N-methylation of NE, adrenal gland
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137. Epinephrine stimulates a variety of ________, as well seen in small amount in the __________.
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137. Organs, brainstem
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138. Dopamine, which is involved in ______ and ________, have ______(#) of receptors.
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138. Motor control and emotional reward, D1-D5 (5)
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139. Degeneration of the dopamine motor system may result in _____________.
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139. Parkinson’s disease
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140. Anti-dopamine drugs may be used to treat what psychological syndrome?
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140. Schizophrenia
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141. NE is used in PNS as a ___________ neurotransmitter.
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141. Sympathetic
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142. NE in the CNS affects _________________.
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142. General level of arousal
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143. ____________________ stimulates NE pathways.
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143. Amphetamines
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144. How are adrenergic receptors classified?
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144. Basis of the response against a series of sympthomimetic amines
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145. In general α-receptors on smooth muscle has a ________ effect; β-receptors ____________.
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145. Excitatory, inhibitory
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146. Where are α1 adrenergic receptors located?
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146. Skin & splanchnic vacular SM, GI & bladder sphincters
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147. α1 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory), and receptor activation produces ________________.
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147. Excitatory, formation of IP3 & Increase of Ca2+
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148. Where are α2 adrenergic receptors located?
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148. Walls of GI tract fat cells and platlets
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149. α2 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory), and receptor activation produces ________________.
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149. Inhibitory, inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) & decreases cAMP
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150. Where are β1 adrenergic receptors located?
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150. Heart
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151. β1 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory), and receptor activation produces ________________.
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151. Excitatory, produces cAMP and activates AC
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152. Where are β2 adrenergic receptors located?
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152. GI tract & bladder, vascular & bronchial smooth muscle, cerebellum and uterus
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153. β2 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory), and receptor activation produces ________________.
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153. Relaxation (trick!), produces cAMP and activates AC
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154. α1 receptors are predominantly _______; the agonist is _______, the antagonist is _________.
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154. Postsynaptic, phenylephrine, prazosin
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155. α2 receptors are predominantly _______; the agonist is _______, the antagonist is _________.
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155. Postsynaptic, Clonidine, Yohimbine & phentolamine
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156. Βx receptors are predominantly _______; the agonist is _______, the antagonist is _________.
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156. Postsynaptic, isoproterenol and propranolol
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157. Give an example of a pharmaceutical Βx agonist and what it does?
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157. Isuprel (cardiac stimulant)
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158. Give an example of a pharmaceutical Βx antagonist and what it does?
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158. Inderal (antihypertensive)
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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159. ____ autonomic preganglionic neurons release _________ onto __________ receptors.
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159. All, Ach, Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
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160. ____ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ____________ onto __________ receptors.
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160. Most, NE, adrenergic
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161. ____ postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete _________ onto _________ receptors.
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161. Most, Ach, cholinergic muscarnic receptors
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162. ANS Postganglionic neurons synapse where?
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162. Visceral effector organs
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163. The sympathetic nervous system tends to go off ___________, while the para __________.
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163. All together, activate where/when needed
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164. The parasympathetic nervous system is known as what system?
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164. Rest and Digest
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165. What occurs to the pupil during SNS stimulation?
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165. Pupil dilation due to NE receptor activation
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166. What occurs to the pupil during paraSNS stimulation?
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166. Constriction due to Muscarinic Ach
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167. What is the control center of the ANS?
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167. Hypothalamus
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168. The adrenal medulla is an extension of the _______________.
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168. Sympathetic nervous system
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169. The action of the adrenal is under control of the _________, and act like ________________.
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169. Hypothalamus, combined autonomic ganglion and postsynaptic sympathetic nerve
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170. What does the adrenal medulla release in emergency situations and in what percentages?
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170. Epinephrine (80%), and NE (20%)
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM BASICS
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM BASICS
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171. A motor unit is _______.
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171. Single alpha motor neuron
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172. A twitch is produced in response to a ___________.
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172. Single stimulus
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173. What is the order of muscle tissue?
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173. Muscle fiber, sarcomere, myofibril, myofilament
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174. What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
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174. Sarcomere
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175. Describe the A-band?
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175. Dark myosin filament (thick)
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176. Describe the I-Band?
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176. Light actin filament (thin)
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177. Where does actin bind?
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177. Z-disc
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178. What is the H-band?
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178. Area in center of sarcomere where myosin and actin do not overlap
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179. What is a globular form of actin?
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179. G-actin
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180. Describe f-actin.
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180. actin filament formed from g-actin) with an ADP molecule bound
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181. What covers the binding sites on active and provides stability?
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181. Tropomyosin
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182. What attaches tropomyosin to actin & intiates the contraction process?
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182. Troponin
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183. What are the three subunits of troponin and what does each do?
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183. TnC (binds Ca2+), TnI (blocks cross bridges from binding to actin), TnT (binds to tropomyosin)
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184. How are cross-bridges formed?
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184. Myosin heads interacting with actin
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185. Myosin heads cannot bind to actin until ________.
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185. It binds to ATP
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186. What does Myosin ATPase do?
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186. Hydrolyzes ATP into ADP + Pi
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187. What lies in the grooves between the G-actins?
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187. Tropomyosin
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188. ________ is attached to tropomyosin at a interval of every 7 actins.
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188. Troponin
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189. What happens when calcium levels rise about 10-6M?
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189. Troponin changes, Tropomyosin moves, cross-bridges may form and allow contraction
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190. Where is the action potential transmitted in the muscle?
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190. Along the sarcolemma & down transverse tubules until they reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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191. Where is Ca2+ released from? What is it released into?
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191. Terminal cisternae of the SR, Myoplasm
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192. What ion influx into the muscle cell (as a result of Ach), initiates the AP?
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192. Na+
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193. What is a twitch?
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193. Single AP eliciting a single contraction
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194. What is a summation?
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194. Repeated stimulus resulting in increased force
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195. What is tetanus?
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195. Ability to increase F of contraction by repeated stimulation w/out relaxation
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196. What are the factors that affect muscular force generation?
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196. Motor unit recruitment, Ca2+ conc., frequency, degree of muscle stretch, area, age, fiber type
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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197. Fast twitch fibers have _________ activity, and use ___________ metabolism.
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197. High myosin ATPase activity, Glycolytic
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198. The ____ pigmented fast twitch fibers _____ rapidly and develop tension ___ than slow twitch.
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198. Pale, fatigue rapidly, 2-3 times faster
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199. Fast twitch fibers have high SERCA. What is serca?
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199. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase
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200. In the absence of oxygen, what product results out of glucose?
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200. Lactic Acid
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201. In the presence of oxygen, Pyruvic acid can enter what?
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201. The TCA cycle
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202. Complete depletion of ATP results in ____________.
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202. Rigor Mortis
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203. Slow twitch fibers have _________ activity, and use ______________ metabolism.
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203. Slow-acting myosin ATPase, Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
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204. Slow twitch fibers are ________ pigmented, due to high levels of __________.
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204. Dark-red, myoglobin
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205. Slow twitch fibers have a _______ diameter and ________ cross-bridges.
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205. Smaller, slower
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206. ST fibers, who have numerous _____________, are fatigue ____________.
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206. Large mitochondria, fatigue-resistant
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207. What are the two types of muscle contraction?
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207. Isotonic, and Isometric
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208. In isotonic contraction, the force ______________ throughout the shortening process.
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208. Remains constant
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209. In isotonic contraction, the muscle ____ and moves a load. Tension and load remain ________.
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209. Shortens, remain constant
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210. Isotonic contractions are often used for what?
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210. Moving and lifting objects
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211. What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
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211. Eccentric (lengthening to greater load than force), Concentric (shortening)
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212. In isometric contraction, the length of fibers _________ and _____ and _____ do not move.
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212. Remains constant, load and bone
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213. Although __________, muscle length overall does not change.
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213. Sarcomere shorten to develop tension
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214. ATP can be produces by what three methods?
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214. Direct phosphorylation, Glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation
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215. What donates a phosphate to ADP in direct phosporylation? Via what enzyme?
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215. Creatine phosphate, creatine kinase
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216. In glycolysis, what are the three products?
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216. ATP + Pyruvate, Lactic Acid
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217. What are the products of Oxidative phosphorylation?
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217. ATP + CO2
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218. During heavy exercise, skeletal muscle respires ____________ for the first _________seconds.
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218. Anaerobically, 45-90 seconds
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219. Energy comes from what source during light exercise?
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219. Aerobic respiration of fatty acids
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220. During moderate activity, what is the energy source?
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220. Fatty acids and glucose
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221. The liver increases ___________.
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221. Glycogenolysis
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222. During heavy exercise, GLUT-4 is moved where? What is GLUT-4?
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222. Muscle cell plasma membrane, carrier protein that transports glucose into cell
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223. Lactic acid accumulates due to the __________.
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223. Oxygen debt
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224. Phosphocreatine levels are _________ than ATP levels in muscle cells.
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224. 3x more
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225. Single unit smooth muscle cells are _______ coupled. Multi-unit?
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225. Electrically, not-electrically
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226. What is a phasic smooth muscle contraction? Tonic?
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226. Contracts a single unit, continuously active
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227. What senses a degree of stretch and speed of contraction?
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227. Muscle spindle
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228. What does a golgi tendon organ do?
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228. Detects tension, inhibits agonist & stimulates antagonist to prevent damage
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SMOOTH MUSCLE
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SMOOTH MUSCLE
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229. Relaxation occurs when ______________.
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229. Ca2+ concentration decreases
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230. During relaxation, myosin is _____ and can no longer _________.
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230. Dephosphorylated, form cross-bridges
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231. Smooth muscles have _____ contractions and can form what important state?
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231. Slow, Latch state (prolonged binding for maintained force with little energy)
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232. Calcium binds to _____, which the complex then activates ___________.
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232. Calmodulin (CaM), Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
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233. MLCK phosphorylates _____________ and increases ____________ resulting in binding.
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233. Light chains on myosin heads, myosin ATPase activity
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234. What are calveioli and what do they do?
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234. Invaginations of SM membrane, increase surface area of cells
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235. The SR interacts with calveioli and are important in what role ________________.
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235. Regulation of intercellular Ca2+
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236. What are the Ca2+ channels?
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236. IP3-Gated and Ryanodine receptor
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237. What critical dissociation occurs during muscle relaxation?
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237. Ca2+ from calmodium
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238. What causes sustained muscle contraction fatigue?
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238. Accumulation of extracellular K+
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239. During moderate exercise, how does muscle fatigue occur?
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239. ST fibers deplete glycogen, FT are recruited producing Lactic acid which blocks Ca2+ transport
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240. What is central fatigue?
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240. Brain is unable to activate muscles even if they are not-fatigued
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241. What drug blocks angiotensin II promoting vasodialation?
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241. ACE inhibitors
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242. A elevation of Myoplasmic Ca2+ causes _________. What NT can cause this?
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242. Vasoconstriction, NE
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