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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three factors of chemical control of respiration? |
Changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH. |
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Who is Auelius Galenus/Claudius Galenus of Pergamon and what did he do? |
He was appointed physician/surgeon to gladiators in 157-161. He noticed that according to location of wounds in spine, gladiators would be paralyzed or not. He reproduced these results on animals. Based on his experiments, he deduced that the control of respiration lies somewhere in the brain stem. Credited with starting field of central or neural control of respiration. |
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Rome story!??! |
Went to Rome to see if he could see where Galen could practice but he couldn't even get into the colliseum. |
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What did Galen do to the vagi to understand where respiratory controls were? |
Transected the vagus nerve at different levels and observed what happened to breathing. |
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When electrical engineering progressed to the point where we could record action potentials, what did we do to study respiratory controls? |
We isolated nerve in spinal column that was thought to control respiratory function and then record its action potentials. |
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What did microsurgery do? |
Find region in brain stem and ablate(destroy) the neurons in that region and then observe respiration. |
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Where are respiratory controls as of today? |
As of today we dont know. We have a pretty good idea but there is still a lot of conjecture and debate. |
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If we transected brainstem above pons? |
nothing happens to respiration and depth is normal |
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If vagus nerve section bilaterally? |
Respiration slows and tidal volume increases. So vagus nerve exerts some influence on rythmicity and depth of respiration. |
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Transection of top 1/3 of pons? |
Modest decrease in respiration and modest increase in depth. Animal goes into state of apneusis, which is cessation of inspiration. This is called apneustic breathing. |
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Transection between lower portion of pons and medulla? |
Leads to gasping pattern of respiration. Rate and depth is periodic and intermittent. Not well defined. |
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Transection of the lower medulla, just where it connects with cervical spine? |
all respiratory observation ceased. |
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When did investigation of neural controls of respiration pick up again? |
1940s |
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Are there more inspiratory or expiratory neurons? |
Inspiratory neurons |
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2 identified centers are VRG and DRG, what do they stand for? |
Ventral respiratory group; larger space, more neurons, has three subsections(rostral VG, intermediate VG, caudal VG)
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Relally important nuclei thats not mentioned? |
NTS nucleus tractus solitarius. Nucleus receives a lot of sensory afferent information from contents of thoracic and abdominal cavities. Major brainstem center for receiving peripheral brainstem information. |
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Dorsal group?
Ventral group? |
Considered to be made primarily of sensory afferent neurons.
Doesnt mean either one doesnt have opposite type but they are just primarily what they are. |
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BotC
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Botzinger complex:
Prebotzinger complex:
They are collectively the CPG(central pattern generator). These regions contain predominantly the neurons that act as pace makers for respiration. |
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T or F: There are neurons that only fire during inspiration and there are neurons that only fire during expiration? what are they called? |
Inspiratory ramp neuron
Early-expiratory neuron |
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The frequency of the firing changes as what? |
As volume of either flow or volume of lungs increases. So firing rate is lower in early stages of inspiration and greater in late stages of inspiration. So not wrong to call them early and late onset neurons. |
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reciprocal inhibition of neurons? |
as one fires, the other stops. As the other fires, the other one stops. |
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Galen later became head phsician to who? |
Marcus Aurelius of Rome |
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Afferent signals are controlled by _________?
Termination is carried out by ___________? |
stretch/volume of lungs/thorax
termination carried out by vagus nerves |
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T or F: It is safe to say that phrenic nerve is primarily active during inspiration? |
False |
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ENG stands for what? |
Electro neuro gram and measures neural electrical activity. |
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What are the three proposed mechanisms of CPG? |
1)Treat suspected area with thyrotropin-releasing hormone to see that there is burst in action potentials in a rythmic pattern. Lead us to believe that these neurons are respiratory neurons. Done with phrenic nerve as well.
2)Early and late inspiratory neuron reciprocal inhibition. As early fires, the late one is inhibited and vice versa via collateral nerve branches.
3)There are multiple phases(3-4) of neural activity that contribute to respiratory control. Dont worry about this too much.
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Describe experiment that led us to believe that CPG lies in botzinger/prebotzinger areas? |
Impale the pre-botzinger complex and record electrical activity to see that its phasic.
Record motor activity through suction electrode of 12th cranial nerve. |
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Experiments were done when and published when? |
1980s and 1990s. |
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IRI is what? |
Inter respiratory interval: period when your not inspiring, no change in volumes. |
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T or F: Carotid sinus and aortic arch have sensors other than baroreceptors? If so, what are they? |
True: chemoreceptors |
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Principle function of carotid and aortic bodies? |
detect changes of PO2.
They willl check changes of pH and PCO2 but O2 is primary function. |
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Single carotid body weighs less than what in an adult? |
2mg |
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Carotid sinus connects to what nerve?
Aortic arch connects to what nerve up top? |
Glosso-pharyngeal or 9th nerve
10th cranial nerve
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If you were to measure total blood flow to carotid body and normalize it per mass........ |
The volume of blood flow to carotid artery is the greatest by far. Has 40x more blood flow than brain!!!!!!!!!! |
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Type 1 and Type 2 cells: structure and function. |
Type 1 are glomus cells and type 2 are sustentacular. They are on the outsides of type 1 and support type 1s. The junctions where type 2 done exist is thought to be site of communication of blood gases and type 1.
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Type 1 cells have generous supply of...... |
sympathetic efferent nerve supply. So they are well innervated. |
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Arterial oxygen saturation and effect on pulse rate and ventillation? |
Less oxygen, more pulse rate, more ventillation. The lowest we can go is about 4% saturation. |
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Respiratory acidosis is what? |
increase PCO2 and or decrease pH.Sensitivyt of nerve to hypoxia increases. |
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Metabolic alkylosis: |
Decrease PCO2 and increase pH and nerves become less sensitive. |
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4 ways potassium channels are blocked? |
1) dissociation of oxygen from heme containing proteins
2)impairment of mitochondrial function such that the ratio of oxidized to reduced Glutathione increases
3)increase in cyclic AMP
4)increase in intracellular hydrogen ion concentration |
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Does nicotine doe the same thing to aortic bodies vs carotid bodies? |
Hypertension and increase in oxygen demand, accelerated heart rate when nicotine hits the aortic receptors.
When nicotine hits the carotid bodies, hypotension and reduced heart occurs.
These chemoreceptors, although they respond the same to the substances they were designed to respond to, can respond different to different substances. |
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Central chemoreceptors are found where? |
Ventral lateral medulla. Only detect changes in PCO2 and pH. |
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What is blood brain barrier? |
Structure and architecture of endothelial cells that creae the capillaries of ceerbal circulation or capillaries of coronary ..... |
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Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to what? |
pH changes |
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His story about taking tests? |
Failed his first exam. Teacher said you should drop the course. Counselor gives him stern advice and that he shouldn't drop the course. His teacher gives him a 2nd chance. Works really hard and then on next exam he gets B+/A and on oral presentation, does well. |
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Four categories of people quote. |
He who knows not and knows not that he knows not is a fool. Avoid him.
He who knows not and knows that he knows not is a child. Guide him.
He who knows and knows not that he knows is asleep. Awake him.
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Cigarette story. |
His teacher was a smoker. Hated transcontinetal or national flights when smoking was allowed. |
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What does nicotine do to brain? |
vaso cerebral constrictor; restricts oxygen flow to brain. |
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Besides kidneys, give another example of good structure and function. |
skeletal muscle. As a result of thin filaments, sarcomere, and sliding filament theory. |
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what are the kidneys referred to as? |
bilateral retroperitoneal organs. |
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Are the kidneys abdominal organs yes or no? |
no |
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where do the kidneys reside? |
Outside of the abdominal cavity, behind a membrane called the peritoneum. |
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How big are the kidneys and how much bigger or smaller are they in men and women? |
Average size in men is about the size of a clenched fist where as in women its about 10-15% smaller. |
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What gives the kidneys theier bean shape? |
renal hilus |
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The renal hilus is the point of entry and exit of what? |
Point of exit of ureters, entry and exit of blood vessels(renal artery entry, renal vein exit), point of entry of renal nerves |
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WHat is the suprarenal gland? |
adrenal gland |
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WHat is ultrafiltrate? |
the plasma that has been filtered by the kidney and put into bladder |
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what drains urea to the outside of the body? |
urethra |
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WHat is the renal capsule and what is its function? |
The tough fibrous outside of the kidney that keeps the kidney in shape and structure. |
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REnal pelvis is composed of what? |
funnel shaped structures called calyces. |
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Minor calyces drain into what? |
major calyx |
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Kidneys get how much bloodflow? |
20-25% |
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If cardiac output was 5L then how much do kidneys get? |
about 1.3L |
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When studying filtration function, its more important to understand renal plasma flow. How do we calculate that? |
(1-hematocrit) x total renal blood flow= renal plasma flow
ex....... .45 hematocrit so (1-.45) x 1.3L |
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Why do we need to know renal plasma flow? |
because red cells are not filtered because they constitute hematocrit. |
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Afferent arteriole goes where?
Efferent arteriole goes where? |
Afferent goes to renal capillary network called glomerular capillaries |
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Glomerular capillaries is where what happens? |
filtration takes place |
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Nephrons can be divided according to their locations. what are the divison? |
cortical which is in superficial area of cortex(80-85%)
Juxtamedullary- junction between medulla and cortex |
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Difference between the blood |
Much less protein in bowmans space. |
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Capillaries that feed the juxtamedullary tubules? |
vasa recta(ascending and descending) |
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efferent arteriole is also referred to as? |
macula densa |
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Bowmans capsule is what? |
globe shaped structure into which the glomerular capillaries are made. |
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Ultrafiltrate? |
Its in bowman capsule and compositionally would reflect plasma in glomerulal capillaries with one exception. there is much less or little to none protein in bowmans space. |
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T or F, all capillaries in the body filter? |
T |
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TAL
tDLH
tALH
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Thick ascending limb of henles loop
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The closer the ratio of what is to 1, the easier the molecule is filtered? |
ultrafiltrate concentration x / plasma concentration x |
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what are freely filterable substances? |
From 20-100 daltons, there concentration in tubular fluid is the same as in plasma. |
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immunoglobins would be filtered, true or false? |
false because they are way too big. |
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One of the main jobs of the kidney is to salvage what? |
salvage sodium and reabsorb it. |
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Where does the energy the kidney uses in 24hrs spent? |
based on how much oxygen kidney uses and to what work that oxygen consumption going to which is sodium reabsorption |
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three sites of body water? |
intracellular space
extracellular or interstitium
intravascular compartment(subdivison of extracellular) |
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Which two ways can you disrupt osmolality? |
Water diuresis(super hydrated) or water anti diuresis(dehydrated) disrupt osmolality starting with sodium. |
