Systems Pathology Cns

Front 1

What is a cholesterol granuloma and where and in what species do we find these? what is the hypothesized etiology?

Back 1

a mass lesion composed of cholesterol in the lateral ventricles of the horse brain. cause is suspected to be bleeding into the choroid plexus

Front 2

what are the two types of inflammation that most often cause intracranial space occupying lesions?

Back 2

abscesses and granulomas

Front 3

______ abscesses occur with some frequency in male ruminants

Back 3

bacterial

Front 4

if you found a granulomatous to pyogranulomatous space occupying lesion in a ruminant what reportable disease would you consider?

Back 4

tuberculosis

Front 5

what would be some clinical signs associated with focal cervical spinal cord disease?

Back 5

ataxia, hyperactive extensor tone, hypertonia when supported, hyperactive reflexes, short strides if able to walk

Front 6

why are signs of compressive myelopathy more severe in the pelvic limbs than in the thoracic limbs

Back 6

the pelvic tracts are lateral to the thoracic tracts so they are affected first

Front 7

what sites of spinal cord compression can result in UMN and LMN gait deficits?

Back 7

C1-C5

Front 8

caudal cervical malformations are common in which two species

Back 8

dog and young horses

Front 9

define wallerian degeneration

Back 9

primary axonal damage leading to secondary demyelination

Front 10

what is the most common cause of focal spinal cord compression myelopathy in dogs?

Back 10

intervertebral disk disease

Front 11

what is the term used to describe the tearing of blood vessels in the spinal cord which results in blood in the spinal grey matter

Back 11

hemorrhagic myelomalacia, hematomyelia, ascending and descending myelomalacia

Front 12

compare and contrast malformation with intervertebral disk disease in relation to age of onset, location of lesion, signs and progression

Back 12

malformation: young, cervical, spastic tetraparesis, slowly progressive

IVD old, T3-L3, spastic paraparesis of pelvic limbs, sudden onset

Front 13

what are the two general causes of disorders of myelination

Back 13

viral and congenital/inherited

Front 14

what are the two terms used to describe the microscopic lesions associated with myelin disorders

Back 14

hypomyelinogenesis- underdevelopment of myelin
dysmyelination-formation of defective myelin

Front 15

can a young animal 'outgrow' a congenital myelination issue

Back 15

in some cases yes if the myelin is given a chance to 'catch up'

Front 16

what are causes of polioencephalomalacia in the following animals:
-cows, sheep, goats
-pigs
-multiple species

Back 16

cows etc- thiamine deficiency/ingestion of thiaminases/too much sulfur

pigs- salt poisoning

many- lead, anesthesia

Front 17

what causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses

Back 17

a fungal toxin on mouldy corn

Front 18

what are the clinical signs of polioencephalomalacia

Back 18

depression, somnolence, head pressing, aimless wandering, blindness, seizures, death

Front 19

what is polioencephalomalacia

Back 19

diffuse grey matter degenerative process (cerebrocortical necrosis)

Front 20

what are the two main types of cerebral edema

Back 20

1 cytotoxic
2 vasogenic

Front 21

what type of cerebral edema is the most common

Back 21

vasogenic

Front 22

breakdown of the blood brain barrier would lead to ________ edema (a type of edema)

Back 22

vasogenic

Front 23

what is a coup-contrecoup contusion

Back 23

an injury which involves a lesion which is on the same side as the direct trauma occured (the coup side) and a lesion opposite to the area that was directly traumatized ( the contrecoup side) resulting from movement of the brain within the cranium

Front 24

what is the most common type of hydrocephalus and where is the CSF flow obstructed

Back 24

congenital, at the mesencephalic aqueduct

Front 25

acquired hydrocephalus can result from a _______ or _________

Back 25

space occupying lesion, inflammation

Front 26

if the fluid accumulation in a hyrdocephalus is within cavities in the brain tissue it could be referred to as ______ or ______

Back 26

hydrancephaly/porencephaly

Front 27

myelodysplasia is a general term that refers to _______

Back 27

malformation of the spinal cord

Front 28

an animal with lissencephaly would lack ____ and _____

Back 28

gyri and sulci

Front 29

spina bifida is a defect of

Back 29

dorsal vertebral arch fusion

Front 30

describe the terms kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis in relation to vertebral organization

Back 30

kyphosis-dorsal deviation "hunch back"
lordosis- ventral deviation
scoliosis- lateral deviation

Front 31

what is the disease wobblers associated with and in which dog breeds is this common

Back 31

cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in doberman pinschers

Front 32

when do you typically notice malfornations of the CNS or surrounding tissues

Back 32

young animals

Front 33

toy breed dogs often have this vertebra malformation

Back 33

hypoplastic dens

Front 34

define lysosomal storage disease

Back 34

an inherited disorder that results from a deficiency in a specific lysosomal enzyme that leads to the storage of a substrate rather than degradation in a lysosome

Front 35

storied material can be made of _____, ______ or ______ or a combination of any of the above

Back 35

protein, lipid, carbohydrate

Front 36

what are the most common clinical signs associated with lysosomal storage diseases?

Back 36

cerebellar signs, visual deficits, UMN spinal cord signs

Front 37

what is the typical signalment and history of an animal with inherited storage disease

Back 37

young animals with a slow and progressive onset of symptoms (may be an older animals if the condition is less severe)

Front 38

what is different and unique about the mechanism of nervous system damage in the storage disease known as globoid cell leukodystrophy?

Back 38

these animals are deficient in an enzyme that normally breaks down psychosine. hence this builds up an leads to primary demyelination

Front 39

what are some plants that interfere with lysosomal function

Back 39

solanum, astragalus, swainsona

Front 40

what dog breeds are predisposed to meningiomas?

Back 40

bracycephalics (boston terrier, pug, bulldog, boxer etc)

Front 41

the most common metastatic tumor in the brain is

Back 41

hemangiosarcoma

Front 42

the most common types of brain tumors in general are

Back 42

gliomas, meningiomas, choroid plexus tumors

Front 43

what are the two most likely routes of entry of viruses into the CNS

Back 43

hematogenous, retrograde axonal transport

Front 44

what type of inflammation is commonly associated with viral infections and which virus is an exception to this rule?

Back 44

lymphoplasmacitic, FIP

Front 45

list some host and viral factors that will affect the outcome of the infection

Back 45

host: age, nutritional status, immune response, other infections, stress, environment

virus: virulence, lytic/non lytic, persistence

Front 46

what is unique about the type of injury caused by EHV 1

Back 46

it is not primarily neurotropic- it causes a vasculitis

Front 47

list some viral infections of the CNS for the following species
dogs
cattle
goats
pigs
birds
horses

Back 47

dogs-rabies, old dog encephalitis, distemper

cattle- malignant catarrhal fever, BHV 1, borna, blue tongue, IBR, rift valley fever

goats- rabies, caprine arthritis encephalitis

pigs-pseudorabies, classical swine fever, rabies, enteroviruses

birds- west nile, EEE, WEE

horses- equine encephalomyelitis, EHV 1, west nile, rabies, borna

Front 48

what sites of spinal cord compression can result in both UMN and LMN gait deficits

Back 48

C1-C5

Front 49

what type of degeneration occurs cranial to and caudal to a focal site of compression?

Back 49

wallerian degeneration

Front 50

what age group are most affected by cervical stenotic myelopathy

Back 50

young, growing animals

Front 51

what is the most common cause of focal spinal cord compression in dogs

Back 51

intervertebral disk disease

Front 52

intervertebral disk disease often involves which region of the spinal cord?

Back 52

T3-L3

Front 53

what dog breeds are predisposed to intervertebral disk disease?

Back 53

chondrodysplatic breeds eg. basset hounds, dachshunds

Front 54

what things would you use to differentiate intervertebral disk disease from malformations in an animal

Back 54

age, onset, location of lesion and hence limbs affected

Front 55

what other lesions could cause focal compressive myelopathy?

Back 55

abscesses, granulomas, cysts

Front 56

equine herpes virus 1 can cause mild upper respiratory infection, abortion or ________

Back 56

myelopathy

Front 57

what are the clinical signs of horses with EHV1 myelitis

Back 57

ataxia, paresis, recumbency, difficulty emptying their bladder, loss of tone in anus and tail

Front 58

there are considered to be two main forms of EHV 1 myelopathy which are the sporadic form which mainly affects the _________ and is less severe. and the mutant neurotropic form which affects the ______ as well and is often highly ______

Back 58

spinal cord, brain, fatal

Front 59

the type of cells that are infected in cases of EHV myelopathy are ________ cells. inflammation of these cells leads to ______

Back 59

enodthelial. infarcts

Front 60

what are some diseases associated with circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain/spinal cord in dogs

Back 60

meningeal vasculitis "beagle pain syndrome", ischemic myelopathy, diabetic/hypothyroid old dogs

Front 61

what are some diseases associated with circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain/spinal cord in sheep

Back 61

ischemic myelopathy associated with clostridium perfringens

Front 62

what are some diseases associated with circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain/spinal cord in cattle

Back 62

thombotic meningoencephalitis caused by histophilus somni

Front 63

what are some diseases associated with circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain/spinal cord in pigs

Back 63

artherosclerosis, edema disease caused by e.coli

Front 64

in EHV1 infections the CSF can be ______ in color which is termed _____

Back 64

yellow, xanthochromia

Front 65

what are the two major forms of prion proteins that are currently recognized

Back 65

PrP-c (normal) and PrP-sc (abnormal)

Front 66

why are prion diseases referred to as spongiform encephalopathies

Back 66

infection leads to neuronal shrinkage and dilation of periaxonal soaces and vacuolation of neuronal and astroglial perkarya

Front 67

vacuolization of CNS tissue is a common finding in _______ or ______ brains

Back 67

poorly fixed, mishandled

Front 68

what are prion associated disorders in sheep

Back 68

scrapie

Front 69

what are prion associated disorders in cattle

Back 69

BSE

Front 70

what are prion associated disorders in mink

Back 70

tranmissable mink encephalopathy

Front 71

what are prion associated disorders in elk and deer

Back 71

chronic wasting disease, TME

Front 72

what is the incubation period of prion diseases?

Back 72

LONG! often years

Front 73

what tool might one use to obtain the brainstem from a dead animal in the field for testing

Back 73

grapefruit knife

Front 74

where is the 'obex' of the brain

Back 74

the caudal dorsal brainstem

Front 75

how are prion diseases transmitted within species?

Back 75

ingestion of infected animal wastes

Front 76

what dog breeds are at a higher incidence of congenital ocular malformations?

Back 76

collies, dobermans, basenji, aussies, spaniels

Front 77

what are some common malformations of the eye

Back 77

colomba, choroidal hypoplasia, retinal detachment, cyclopia, microopthalmia

Front 78

what is sonic hedgehog and what is its relation to cyclops lambs

Back 78

it is a signalling molecule that is invloved in normal development of the neuro system. when ewes ate the plant veratrum californicum containing cyclopamine this interupted the signalling and lamsb were born with the cyclops malformation

Front 79

what is the term used for inflammation of the following structures
cornea
uveal tract
choroid
retina
choroid and retina
most of the eye

Back 79

cornea-keratitis
uveal tract- uveitis
choroid-choroiditis
retina-retinitis
choroid and retina- chorioretinits
most of the eye- oculitis, opthalmitits, endopthalmitits, panopthalmitis

Front 80

what happens if the lens is damaged during a surgical procedure and lens proteins are released?

Back 80

they are highly antigenic and this leads to immune mediated inflammation

Front 81

what structures of the eye/around the eye most commonly develop neoplasia in animals?

Back 81

iris, periorbital, conjunctiva

Front 82

what are the common ocular and periocular tumors in cats

Back 82

squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, ocular sarcoma, iris melanoma, iridociliary adenoma

Front 83

what are the common ocular and periocular tumors in dogs

Back 83

meiobomian gland adenoma, iridociliary adenoma, anterior uveal melanocytoma

Front 84

what are the common ocular and periocular tumors in cattle

Back 84

squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma

Front 85

what are the common ocular and periocular tumors in horses

Back 85

squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoid, periocular, lymphoma

Front 86

what are common clinical signs of vestibular disease

Back 86

head tilt, nystagmus, rolling, circling, incoordination, ataxia, rapid short limb movements

Front 87

how can you differentiate between a peripheral and central vestibular disease

Back 87

if the problem is peripheral then the postural reactions will be normal, there wont be loss of proprioception and the direction of nystagmus is often horizontal or rotary. the opposite is true of central disease were nystagmus is typically vertical and postural reactions are compromised