Systems Architecture: Software And Hardware Concepts In Business Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Front 1

Dynamic RAM requires frequent [???] to maintain its data content.

Back 1

refresh cycles

Front 2

??? is the speed at which data can be moved to/from a storage device over a communication channel.

Back 2

data transfer rate

Front 3

Two standard optical storage medium that is written only during manufacture are called [???] and [???] .

Back 3

CDROM and DVDROM

Front 4

[???], [???], [???] are competing standards for rewritable DVD discs.

Back 4

[DVD-RW] , [DVD+RW] , and [DVD-RAM]

Front 5

The [???] of a hard disk drive generates or responds to a magnetic field .

Back 5

read/write heads

Front 6

What 5 factors limit the speed of an electrically based processing device?

Back 6

1) DISTANCE electricity must travel dictated by the SIZE of the device. Most important.
2) RESISTANCE of conductive path
3) PACKING DENSITY
4) TYPE OF PACKAGING
5) HEAT DISSIPATION

Hint 6

DSRDPH

Front 7

Data stored on magnetic media for long periods of time may be lost due to [???] and [???] .

Back 7

magnetic leakage and magnetic decay

Front 8

A(n) [???] stores data in magnetically charged areas on a rigid platter.

Back 8

hard disk drive

Front 9

The [???] endian storage format places the [???] byte of a word in the lowest memory address. The [???] endian storage format places the [???] byte of a word in the lowest memory address.

Back 9

big
most significant
little
least significant

Front 10

The contents of most forms of RAM are [???], making them unsuitable for long term data storage.

Back 10

volatile

Front 11

[???] and [???] are outdated technologies for non-volatile primary storage. [???] and [???] are promising new technologies for implementing NVM.

Back 11

core memory and ROM
ferroelectric RAM and polymer memory

Front 12

What is/are the difference(s) between static and dynamic RAM?

Back 12

Speed
Cost

Static Ram is faster and more expensive because it is compose entirely of transistors.

Dynamic RAM capacitors require frequent recharging which slows access time.

Front 13

The CPU incurs one or more [???] when it accesses slower storage devices.

Back 13

wait states

Front 14

Under relative addressing, the content of a(n) [???] is added to calculate the corresponding physical memory address.

Back 14

offset register

Front 15

The number of bits used to represent a memory address determines the amount of a CPU's [???].

Back 15

addressable memory

Front 16

[???] is typically stated in milliseconds for secondary storage devices and nanoseconds for primary storage devices.

Back 16

Access time

Front 17

The three components of average access time for a disk drive are [???], [???], and [???].

Back 17

head-to-head switching time
track-to-track seek time
rotational delay.

Front 18

What improvements are offered by synchronous DRAM as compared to ordinary DRAM?

Back 18

SDRAM is faster
SDRAM overlaps processing stages of several read accesses
(parallel)

DRAM accepts and processes read cycles one at a time.
(serial)

Front 19

Why isn’t flash RAM commonly used to implement primary storage?

Back 19

It wears out after several hundred thousand read/write cycles.

Front 20

Describe serial, random, and parallel access. What types of storage devices use each method?

Back 20

Serial access reads or writes data units in single sequential order.

Random access can "jump" directly between two non-contiguous data units.

Parallel access reads or writes portions of a data item in parallel on separate storage devices/media.

Front 21

What is direct addressing? What is relative addressing?

Back 21

Direct addressing means that memory references by software correspond directly to physical memory locations.

Relative addressing means that memory references by software are offsets into a predefined segment of memory.

Front 22

What are the costs and benefits of indirect addressing?

Back 22

Indirect addressing allows flexibility in the placement of programs within memory. Each program can be constructed under the assumption that it will be loaded at the beginning of physical memory. Multiple programs can be executed simultaneously and programs can be moved within memory during execution. This generally allows more efficient management of memory resources and simpler program construction.

The cost is overhead required to convert program memory references to physical memory addresses. This requires either the execution of instructions to perform the conversion or additional circuitry within the CPU control unit to perform address translation automatically. The result is greater complexity and/or cost and a possible reduction in execution speed.

Front 23

How is data stored and retrieved on a magnetic mass storage device?

Back 23

For writing, current is routed through a read/write head which generates a magnetic charge at its tip. A bit area of a magnetic recording surface is placed in close proximity to the read/write head and a charge is induced in the surface material. The direction of current flow through the read/write head determines the polarity of the stored charge.

For reading, a bit area of the recording surface is placed in close proximity to the read/write head. The stored charge induces current to flow through the read write/head. A switch connected to the read/write head detects the direction of current flow to interpret it as a bit value.

Front 24

Describe the factors that contribute to a disk drive's average access time. Which of these factors are improved if spin rate is increased? Which are improved if areal density is increased?

Back 24

Disk average access time is a combination of rotational delay, track-to-track seek time (head movement), and head-to-head switching time. Rotational delay is reduced if rotational speed is increased.