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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of joints?
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Arthrology
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What is the study of motion of the human body?
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Kinesiology
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Joints are the point of contact between what?
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Two bones, bone and cartilage, bone and teeth
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What are the two classification of joints?
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Structural and functional
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What basis is structural classifications?
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anatomical features (morphology) - presence or absence of space between the articulating bones (synovial cavity) - also they type of connective tissue that binds the bone together
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What basis is functional classification?
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types of movement the anatomical features permit
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Name the type of joints.
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Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
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What are fibrous joints?
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The bones are held together by connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers & there is no synovial cavity.
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What are Cartilaginous joints?
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The bones are held together by cartilage there is no synovial cavity.
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What are synovial joints?
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Have synovial cavity & surrounded by connective tissue capsule.
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What are the functional classifications of joints?
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synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
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What is synarthrosis?
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An immmovable joint
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What is amphiarthrosis?
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A slightly movable joint
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What is diarthrosis?
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A freely movable joint. All synovial joints. They have variety of shapes & permit several different types of movements.
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What are fibrous joints?
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No cavity between Articulating Bones
• Articulating Bones are held together very closely by fibrous connective tissue(CT) |
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Name the fibrous joints
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Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Describe the suture fibrous joints.
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No cavity between Articulating Bones
• Articulating Bones are held together very closely by fibrous connective tissue(CT) (skull sutures) |
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Describe the syndesmoses fibrous joints
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The fibrous tissue is in the form of a sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle (ligament). (ulna/radius)
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Describe the gomphoses fibrous joints
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Cone –shaped peg fits into a socket, e.g. teeth & their sockets
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Name the cartilaginous joints.
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synchondroses and symphysis
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Describe the features of cartilaginous joints.
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- No Cavity between Articulating Bones
-Articulating Bones are tightly connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. |
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Describe synchondroses joints
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Epiphyseal plate of long bones-connect the diaphysis & epiphysis of a growing bone
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Describe symphysis joints
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Bones are connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage. All symphysis occur in the midline of body.
e.g., Manubriosternal joint, intervertebral joints (sacroiliac joint/ symphysis pubis joint) |
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What is the synovial joint cavity?
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space between articulating bones
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What is the articular cartilage?
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covers the articular surfaces
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What is the articular capsule?
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surrounds the joint
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What is the synovial membrane?
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inner lining of the capsule. It secretes synovial fluid.
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What is synovial fluid?
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lubricates the joint and reduces friction, absorbs shock & suppies nutrients.
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What is torn cartilage?
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The tearing of articular disc in the joint is called torn cartilage. (knee joint-menisci)
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What is menisectomy?
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surgical removal of the damaged meniscus.
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What is arthroscopy?
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(-scopy= observation): This minimally invasive procedure uses a lighted pencil-thin instrument to examine the interior of the joint. It determines the nature & extent of damage
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Describe the nerve and vessel supply to the joint.
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They are the same nerves and vessels that supply the surrounding skeletal muscles that move the joint
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How many type of nerves are there?
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2
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Name the type of nerves.
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• A) carry pain information from joints to CNS.
• B) nerve fibers which are concerned to the degree of movement & stretch at a joint. |
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What is a sprain?
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forcible twisting of a joint that
stretches or tear the ligament, no dislocation of bones (damaged ligament) |
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What is a strain?
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stretched or partially torn muscle
(damaged muscle) |
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What is bursae?
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• Sac like structures
• Alleviate friction between skin & bone, tendons & bones, muscles & bones, and ligaments & bones. |
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What are tendon sheaths?
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• Tube like bursae that wrap around muscle tendons.
• Bursitis: inflammation of bursa |
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How many types of synovial joints are there?
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6
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Name the synovial joints and whether they are nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.
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• Planar joints: nonaxial
• Hinge joints: uniaxial • Pivot joints: uniaxial • Condyloid joints: biaxial • Saddle joints: biaxial • Ball & Socket joints: Multiaxial |
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What is a planar joint?
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Flat or slightly curved surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or gliding without any circular movement.
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Where does the planar joint occur?
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carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle
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What is a hinge joint?
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A convex surface of one bone fits into a concave depression in another permitting only flexion and extension
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Where does a hinge joint occur?
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elbow and knee joints
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What is a pivot joint?
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Rounded or conical surface of one bone articulate with a ring formed partly by another bone & partly by a ligament.
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Where does a pivot joint occur?
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the joint between the axis and atlasin the neck & the radioulnar joint
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What is a condyloid joint?
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Also called an ellipsoidal joint. In this type an oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone.
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Where would the condyloid joint occur?
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between the metacarpals(bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges(fingers) and between the metatarsals and phalanges(toes)
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What is a saddle joint?
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occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions (like a saddle) with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement
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Where is the only saddle joint in the body?
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the thumb (carpometacarpal joint
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What is a ball-and-socket joint?
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The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation.
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Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
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shoulder and hip joints
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What are the 4 main categories of movements at synovial joints?
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• 1-Gliding
• 2-Angular • 3-Rotation • 4-Special movements |
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What is a gliding joint?
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Consist of two flat surfaces that slide past one another. Gliding movements are limited in range due to the articular capsule & ligaments
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Where would you find a gliding joint?
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planar joints
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What are the 8 angular movements?
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• Flexion: decrease in the angle
• Extension: increase in the angle, sagital plane • Lateral flexion: lateral bending, frontal plane • Hyperextension: extension beyond the normal anatomical position. • Abduction: movement away from the midline • Adduction: movement towards the midline • Circumduction: combination of all movements, moving a body part in a circle; for example, tracing a circle with your arm • Rotation: a bone resolves around its own axis |
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Describe elevation
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raising a part (shrugging the shoulders
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Describe depression
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lowering a part (dropping the shoulders
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Describe protraction
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moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward)
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Describe retraction
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moving a part backward (pulling the cin backward)
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Describe inversion
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turing the sole of the foot medially
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Describe eversion
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truing the sole of the foot laterally
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Describe dorsiflexion
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flexing the foot at the ankle (bending the foot upward)
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Describe plantar flexion
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extending the foot at the ankle (bending the foot downward)
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Describe supination
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turning the hand so the palm faces upward
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Describe pronation
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turning the hand so the palm faces downward
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Describe opposition
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thumb and tips of fingers ??? no additional info given on slides
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What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
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ball and socket
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What are the bones involved in the shoulder joint?
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Head of the humerus & Glenoid cavity of the scapula
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What are the ligaments involved in the shoulder joint?
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• Articular Capsule
• Coracohumeral ligament • Glenohumeral ligament • Transverse humeral ligament • Glenoid labrum • Bursae: |
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What are rotator cuff muscles?
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These muscles join the scapula to the humerus & surround the joint. The tendons of these muscles fuse with the capsule. The rotator cuff muscles work as a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
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Name four types of rotator cuff muscles.
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• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus • Teres minor • Subscapularis |
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Name the 4 Bursae
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• Subscapular bursa
• Subdeltoid bursa • Subacromial bursa • Subcoracoid bursa |
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Describe flexion
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lifting arm straight up in a forward direction
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Describe extension
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lifting arm straight up in a backward direction
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Describe abduction
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lifting arm straight up and out to the side
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Describe adduction
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bringing arm from the side toward the body
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Describe lateral rotation
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rotating arm outward
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Describe medial rotation
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rotating arm inward
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Describe circumduction
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????
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What is a ball-and-socket joint?
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The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation.
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Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
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shoulder and hip joints
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What are the 4 main categories of movements at synovial joints?
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• 1-Gliding
• 2-Angular • 3-Rotation • 4-Special movements |
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What is a gliding joint?
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Consist of two flat surfaces that slide past one another. Gliding movements are limited in range due to the articular capsule & ligaments
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Where would you find a gliding joint?
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planar joints
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Describe flexion
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decrease in the angle
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Describe elevation
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raising a part (shrugging the shoulders
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Describe depression
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lowering a part (dropping the shoulders
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Describe protraction
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moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward)
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Describe retraction
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moving a part backward (pulling the cin backward)
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Describe extension
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increase in the angle, sagital plane
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Describe lateral flexion
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lateral bending, frontal plane
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Describe hyperextension
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extension beyond the normal anatomical position.
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Describe abduction
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movement away from the midline
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Describe adduction
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movement towards the midline
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Describe circumduction
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combination of all movements, moving a body part in a circle; for example, tracing a circle with your arm
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Describle rotation
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a bone resolves around its own axis
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Describle inversion
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turning the sole of the foot medially
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Describe eversion
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turning the sole of the foot laterally
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describle dorsiflexion
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flexing the foot at the ankle (bending the foot upward).
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Describe plantar flexion
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flexing the foot at the ankle (bending the foot upward
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Describe supination
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turning the hand so the palm faces upward
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Describe pronation
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turning the hand so the palm faces downward.
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Describe opposition
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thumb & tips of fingers
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Name the bones involved in the shoulder joint (ball and socket)
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Head of the humerus & Glenoid cavity of the scapula
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Name the ligaments involved in the shoulder joint
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• Articular Capsule
• Coracohumeral ligament • Glenohumeral ligament • Transverse humeral ligament • Glenoid labrum • Bursae: |
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Name the muscles that join the scapula to the humerus and surrounding joint.
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Rotator cuff muscles
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Name the rotator cuff muscles
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• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus • Teres minor • Subscapularis |
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What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles.
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To work as a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
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Name the 4 Bursae
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• Subscapular bursa
• Subdeltoid bursa • Subacromial bursa • Subcoracoid bursa |
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Describe flexion
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lifting arm straight up in a forward direction
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Describe extension
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lifting arm straight up in a backward direction
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Describe abduction
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lifting arm straight up and out to the side
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describe adduction
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bringing arm from the side toward the body
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Describe lateral rotation
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rotating arm outward
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Describe medial rotation
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rotating arm inward
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Name common problems of the shoulder
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• Rotator cuff injury: caused by repetitive movements.
• Dislocation: The head dislocated inferiorly • A Separated Shoulder: Injury of acromioclavicular joint-due to forceful trauma to the joint |
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Name the three bony components of the elbow that provide two types of mevements.
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humerus, ulna and radius
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Name the type of movement for the humerus and the ulna
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hinge type motion
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Name the type of movement for the humerus and the radius
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totational motion
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The joint surfaces of the elbow are covered by this...
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cartilage, providing a cushion between the bones
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What is the ulnar collateral ligament?
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Triangular ligament-coronoid process & medial epicondyle of the humerus
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What is the radial collateral ligament?
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Strong triangular ligament-medial epicondyle of the humerus & annular ligament of the radius.
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What are some common problems with the elbow?
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Tennis elbow, little-league elbow, and dislocation of radius head.
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Describe tennis elbow
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Pain at or near the lateral epicondylitis of humerus due to sprain or strain of extensors.
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Describe little-league elbow
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Pain at or near the lateral epicondylitis of humerus due to sprain or strain of extensors.
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Describe dislocation of radius head
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Most common dislocation in children
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Name the bones involved in the wrist joint (condyloid).
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• lower end of the radius and under surface of the articular disc form the concavity.
• articular surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form a smooth convex surface. |
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Name the ligamets in the wrist joint.
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• Anterior radiocarpal ligament
• Dorsal radiocarpal ligament • Ulnar collateral ligament • Radial collateral ligament |
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What are the movements in the wrist joint.
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•
Flexion • Extension • Ulnar deviation (adduction) • Radial deviation (abduction) • Circumduction |
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Name a common cause of wrist pain.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Name the bones of the hip joint.
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Head of the femur and the acetabulum
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Describe the anatomical components of the articular capsule.
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very dense & strong fibrous capsule that covers the femoral head and neck like a sleeve & extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur.
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Name the two sets of fibers of the articular capsule of the hip joint.
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the longitudinal and circular fibers
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Describe the circular fibers
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they form a collar around the femoral neck called zona orbicularis
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Describe little-league elbow
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Pain at or near the lateral epicondylitis of humerus due to sprain or strain of extensors.
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Describe dislocation of radius head
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Most common dislocation in children
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Name the bones involved in the wrist joint (condyloid).
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• lower end of the radius and under surface of the articular disc form the concavity.
• articular surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form a smooth convex surface. |
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Name the ligamets in the wrist joint.
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• Anterior radiocarpal ligament
• Dorsal radiocarpal ligament • Ulnar collateral ligament • Radial collateral ligament |
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What are the movements in the wrist joint.
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• Flexion
• Extension • Ulnar deviation (adduction) • Radial deviation (abduction) • Circumduction |
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Name the bones of the hip joint (ball and socket)
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head of the femur and the acetabulum
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Describe the articular capsule
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very dense & strong fibrous capsule that covers the femoral head and neck like a sleeve & extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur.
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Name the two sets of fibers of the articular capsule
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the longitudinal and circular fibers.
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What is the zona orbicularis?
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circular fibersforms a collar around the femoral neck
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What are the fibers that travel along the neck or the femur and carry blood vessels?
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the longitudinal retinacular fibers
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Name the thickened portion of thearticular capsule extends from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the intertrochanteric line of the femur
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Iliofemoral ligament
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Name the ligament that attaches across the front of the joint from the pubic part of the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur
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pubofemoral ligament
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Name the ligament that attaches from the ischial part of the acetabular rim to the neck of the femur
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Ischiofemoral ligament
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Which ligaments form a triangular band, extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the head of femur.
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Ligaments of the head of the femur
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Name the fibrocartilage rim that attached to the margin of acetabular fossa.
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acetabular labrum
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Name the strong ligament that bridges the acetabular notch.
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Transverse ligament of the acetabulum
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Name the movements of the hip joint.
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• Flexionand extensionof the thigh
• Abductionand adductionof the femur • Medial & lateral rotationof the thigh • Circumductionof the thigh |
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Name the larges and one of the most complex joint of the body.
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Knee joint (hinge joint)
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Name the bones involved in the knee joint
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femur, tibia and patella
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Name the tibiofemoral joint, between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus & lateral condyle of the tibia (modified hinge)
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lateral joint
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Name the 2ndtibiofemoral joint, between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus & medial condyle of the tibia (modified hinge)
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Medial joint
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Name the joint that is between the patella & patellar surface of the femur (planar joint)
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intermediate patellofemoral joint
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What is the ligamentous sheath surround the joint, consists of muscle tendons or their expensions.
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articular capsule
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Name the fused tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle & fascia lata.
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medial and lateral patellar retinacula
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Where are the intracapsular ligaments?
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Ligamentswithin the capsule that connect the tibia & femur.
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Name the ligament that Limits the hyperextension of the knee & prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
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Name the ligament that Prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
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Posterior curciate ligament (PCL)
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Name the 2 fibrocartilage discs between the femoral & tibial condyles:(articular discs (menisci)
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medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus
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Name the semicircular piece of fibrocartilage (C-shaped cartilage)
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Medial meniscus
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Name the circular piece of fibrocartilage (incomplete O in shape)
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lateral meniscus
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Name the three intracapsular bursae.
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• Prepatellar bursa
• Infrapatellar bursa • Suprapatellar bursa |
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Name the movements of the knee joint.
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• Flexion
• Extension • Slight medial rotation & lateral rotation in the flexed position. |
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Name the knee injury which causes-damage blood vessels, rupture of ACL, torn menisci, fractures or collateral ligaments sprains (common in football players)
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Swollen knee
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Name the knee injury with excessive production of synovial fluid
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water on the knee
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Name the knee injury with displacement of the tibia relative to the femur (anterior dislocation)
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dislocated knee
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The ankle joint is formed by...
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1-distal end of tibia & its medial malleolus with the talus
2-Lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus |
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What is the thickened fibrous band around the ankle.
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Retinacula (superior and inferior extensor retinacula)
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Name the anatomical components or the ankle joint.
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• Articular Capsule
• Deltoid (medial) ligament: Strong, flat triangular ligament • Lateral ligament |
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Name the movements of the ankle joint.
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Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion
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Name the common problem of the ankle where the distal end of the leg involve both malleoli (pott’s fracture)
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ankle fractures
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Name the common problem in the ankle that is •
most common ankle injury, occur in sports during running & jumping (also occuring in the lateral ankle is common) |
ankle sprain
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Muscles create motion by alternating what?
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contraction and relaxation
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Muscles constitute what % of total body weight.
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40-50%
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How many skeletal muscles have been identified
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aprox 700
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Name the study of muscles
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myology
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Obstructive diseases
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-increased airway resistance
-usually more compliant -↓FEV1/FVC (~40%) -chronic bronchitis, inflammation and edema of airway walls -emphysema |
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Name the muscle that pulls on bones voluntary
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skeletal muscle
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name the muscle that pushes blood through circulatory system-involuntary
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cardiac muscle
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Name the muscle that pushes liquids & solids-involuntary
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smooth muscle
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Name the function of muscles
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• Produce body movements
• Maintain posture and body position • Storing & moving substances within the body-bands of smooth muscles called sphincters • Maintain body temperature |
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Name the property of muscle tissue where muscle responds to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
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electrical excitability
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Name the property of muscle tissue where the muscle responds to stimuli by contracting lengthwise, or shortening
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contractility
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Name two types of contractility muscle tissue.
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a-Isometric contraction-muscle remains the same length
b-Isotonic contraction-muscle shorten |
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Name the muscle tissue property where there is the ability of muscle tissue to stretched without being damaged
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extensibility
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Name the muscle tissue property where Muscle fibers, after being stretched, have a tendency to recoil to their original resting length.
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elasticity
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Name the connective tissue layers
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epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
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Name the dense layer of connective tissue, separating muscle from surrounding organs and tissues
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epimysium
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Name the CT layer that will divide skeletal muscle into fasiculi (muscle fiber bundles). Contain blood vessels and nerves
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perimysium
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Name the CT layer that surround individual muscle fibers
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endymysium
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Name the dense connective tissue that attaches the muscle to bone
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tendons
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Name the less moveable attachment of the muscle
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Origin
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Name the more moveable bony attachment of the muscle
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Insertion
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Name the fleshy thick part of the muscle
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belly
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Name a flattened sheet like tendon.
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aponeuroses
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What is inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, & synovial membranes surrounding certain joints.
Tenderness & pain are frequently associated with movements of body part. |
tenosynovitis
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What is a rigid bar on which a given load is moved with supporting help from a fulcrum.
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lever
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Name the dense layer of connective tissue, separating muscle from surrounding organs and tissues
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epimysium
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Name the CT layer that will divide skeletal muscle into fasiculi (muscle fiber bundles). Contain blood vessels and nerves
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perimysium
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Name the CT layer that surround individual muscle fibers
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endymysium
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Name the dense connective tissue that attaches the muscle to bone
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tendons
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Name the less moveable attachment of the muscle
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Origin
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Name the more moveable bony attachment of the muscle
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Insertion
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Name the fleshy thick part of the muscle
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Belly
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What is a flattened sheet like tendon.
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aponeuroses
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What is the inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, & synovial membranes surrounding certain joints.
Tenderness & pain are frequently associated with movements of body part. |
tenosynovitis
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What is a rigid bar on which a given load is moved with supporting help from a fulcrum.
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lever
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Name a fixedpointon which lever can move in diffrent ways or angles.
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fulcrum
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Name the three types of levers.
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1st, 2nd and 3rd class
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Name the lever that has its fulcrum located somewhere between the effort and the load. Examples of class-1 levers are the playground seesaw, scissors,.
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1st class lever
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Name the lever where the fulcrum is at one end, the effort is at the other end and the load is in the middle. It is like a wheel barrow. The long handles of a wheel barrow are really the long arms of a lever.
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2nd class lever
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Name the lever where the fulcrum is at one end and the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load.
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3rd class lever
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Skeletal Muscle fibers arrange in bundles-called...
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fascicles
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Within a fascicle, all muscle fibers are ______________ to each other.
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parallel
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What do the fascicular arrangements of muscle fibers affect?
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muscle power& range of motion
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Name the fibers which have greater range of motion & cover greater distance
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longer fibers
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name the fibers with higher cross-sectional
area have more force |
short muscles
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How many patterns of fascicle organization are there?
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5
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Name the fascicles which run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
e.g. Stylohyoid muscle |
parallel muscles
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Name the fascicle arrangement where the fibers are spindle-shaped：muscle tapers toward tendons
e.g. Digastric muscle |
fusiform
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Name the fascicles that converge on a common tendon. appear fan shaped like pectoralis major.
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triangular (convergent)muscles
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These fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening.
These muscles are also called sphincters. When they contract the diameter of the opening they surround decreases. Orbicularis oculi muscle, & Orbicularis oris of the mouth is an example of a circular muscle |
circular muscles
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Which fiber arrangement means feather which the orientation of these fibers resemble?
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Pennate
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Name the three pennate fiber arrangements?
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unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate
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Which pennate fiber arrangement is the extnesor digitorum longous.
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unipennate
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Which pennate fiber is the rectus femoris
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bipennate
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Which pennate fiber is the deltoid muscle
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multipennate
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This coordinates within the muscle group and contracts to initiate an action.
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prime mover or agonist
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This acts against the effect of the prime mover.
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antagonist
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This muscle acts as a ______________ when it prevents the unwanted action of another muscle.
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synergist
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This stabilizes the origin of the prime mover.
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fixators
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In the limbs, this is a group of skeletal muscles, along with their blood vessels & nerves, that have a common function.
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compartment
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Which fiber arrangement means feather which the orientation of these fibers resemble?
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Pennate
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Name the three pennate fiber arrangements?
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unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate
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Which pennate fiber arrangement is the extnesor digitorum longous.
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unipennate
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Which pennate fiber is the rectus femoris
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bipennate
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Which pennate fiber is the deltoid muscle
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multipennate
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This contracts to initiate an action.
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prime mover or agonist
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This acts against the effect of the prime mover.
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antagonist
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This is a muscle acts as a synergistwhen it prevents the unwanted action of another muscle.
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synergist
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This will stabilize the origin of the prime mover
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fixator
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In the limbs, this is a group of skeletal muscles, along with their blood vessels & nerves, that have a common function.
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compartment
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Name the anterior compartment
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flexor
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Name the posterior cmopartment
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extensor
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muscles have both of these type of nerve endings
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motor and sensory
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These are large myelinated nerves that connect to the muscle fibers at motor end plates (MEP)
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main motor endings
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A motor neuron & muscle fibers it stimulate is called a motor unit.
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motor units
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End in receptors within the muscle or its tendon and provide feedback about muscle tension and joint position (proprioception). Some participate in reflexes.
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sensory nerves of muscles
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synapse between muscle & motor neuron
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neuromuscular junction
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What is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles. It helps maintain posture & keep muscle firm.
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muscle tone
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This is decreased muscle tone (flaccid muscles)
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hypotonia
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This is increased muscle tone
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hypertonia
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Name the two ways hypertonia is expressed.
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1. spasticity-increased tendon reflexes.
2. rigidity-tendon reflexes are not affected |
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Slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass happens at about what age
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30
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What are 3 causes of aging skeletal muscles.
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decline activity, slow muscle reflexes and lack of aerobic activities
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