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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a true hermaphrodite?
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Has both ovary and testis. External genitalia is ambigious (often more female).
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What is a pseudohermaphrodite?
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Has either an ovary with male external genitalia or testis with female external genitalia.
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What is an ovotestis?
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Combined organ in one. May have seminiferous tubules with follicles. External genitalia is often female or ambiguous.
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What is the pathogenesis of cryptochidism?
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Deficiency of testosterone +/- Mullerian duct inhibiting substance causes failure of descent of testis into scrotum.
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What are the lesions associated with cryptorchidism?
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Unilateral or bilateral, if unilateral L usually retained;
Testis may be intraabdominal or near the inguinal ring "flanker"; Atrophic degeneration of testis |
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What is the sequelae to cryptorchidism?
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Infertile if bilateral; If unilateral, increased susceptiblity to testicular neoplasia (sertoli cells)
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What are the gross lesions associated with testicular hypoplasia?
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Small, atrophied, flabby testicle
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What are the histologic lesions associated with testicular hypoplasia?
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Sertoli cells, low vacuolated epithelium in seminiferous tubules;
Decreased spermatogenesis Not all tubules equally affected |
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What is the sequelae to testicular hypoplasia?
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Decreased fertility or sterile
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What is Klinefelter's Syndrome?
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XXY chromosomes due to non-disjunction during meiosis.
In cats, will have a tricolor male (color pattern assoicated witih X chromosome) Animals usually infertile with testicular atrophy |
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What is the histologic appearance of a testicle in a cat with Klinefelter's syndrome?
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Similar to hypoplasia of testicle --> Sertoli cessl, low vacoulated epithelium in seminiferous tubules
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What is a chimeric?
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Has more than one cell populations --> has both XY and XX cells (usually sterile)
Freemartin calves are an example due to fusion of placenta with littermate in utero |
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What is a mosaic?
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Single cell source with non-disjunction during mitosis at early stages of embryo development
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What is a varicocele?
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In rams especially, dilated, congested veins in pampiniform plexus though to be caused by segmental hyperplasia of veins
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What is the sequelae of a varicocele?
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Problem regulating temperature in testis --> sterility
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What is the sequlae of torsion of the spermatic cord?
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Occurs frequently in cryptorchids which results in infarction --> veins collapse and blood keeps pumping --> becomes engorged
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List etiologies of testicular degeneration and necrosis.
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Trauma
Thermal Injury Nutritional deficiency Chemical Toxins Hyperestrinogenism Ischemia Autoimmune reaction Obstruction of outflow ducts Concurrent disease in host |
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What are the gross lesions associated with testicular degeneration and necrosis?
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Initially: atrophic, soft --> firm
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What histopathological lesions would be observed with testicular degeneration and necrosis?
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Tubular degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis
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What is the sequelae to testicular degeneration?
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Permanent infertility;
If caught early, regeneration and slow return of fertility if cause is removed |
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List common etiologies of orchitis.
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Bacterial: Brucella, A. pyogenes, Coliforms, Mycobacterium
Autoimmune --> infiltration of lymphocytes Viral: EIA, Blue Tongue, Sheep pox |
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What are gross lesions of orchitis?
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Swollen, exudate on surface of the tunics, abscesses or granulomas in the testis (+/-), firm from fibrosis if chronic
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What are the histopathologica changes observed with orchitis?
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Inflammatory cell infiltrate; tubular necrosis; fibrosis and congestion
+/- bacterial organism present |
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What is the sequelae to orchitis?
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Sertility
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What is the gross appearance of Interstitial cell tumors (Leydig cell tumors)?
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Yellow (CL-like), may be hemorrhagic often does not produce a change in size or shape of the testis
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What is the histological appearance of Interstitial Cell Tumors (Leydig Cell Tumors)?
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Large eosinophilic cells in INTERSTITIUM
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What is the gross appearance of a seminoma?
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Soft and white, frequently in cryptorchid testis.
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What is the microscopic appearance of seminomas?
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Large polygonal cells filling the tubules
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What is the gross appearance of Sertoli cell tumors?
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White, firm and frequently found in cryptorchid testis.
May be functional and produce hyperestrogenism |
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What is the histologic appearance of Sertoli cell tumors?
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Tall vacoulated cells
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What are physical changes associated with Sertoli cell tumors?
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Alopecia
Gynecomastia Attract males Genital atrophy |
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What is the gross appearance of teratomas?
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Large firm mass with multiple types of tissue (bone, hair, tooth, cysts)
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List two anomolies of the epididymis.
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Segmental aplasia --> band of tissue replaces segment
Congential Spermatocele --> usually found at the head of the epididymis because there was failure of the efferent duct to fuse with the epididymis |
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What causes an aquired spermatocele and sperm granuloma?
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Secondary to obstruction of outflow ducts by occlusion with inflammatory exudate or stenosis by inflammatory changes (sperm are recognized as foreign bodies)
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What is the gross appearance of sperm granulomas
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Cystic distention of the epididymis by white to yellow paste-like material that resembles an abscess
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List common etiologies for epididymitis.
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Bacterial: Brucella, coliforms
Mycotic: Blastomyces Trauma: Sperm granuolma |
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What are the lesions associated with epididymitis?
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Dilated cord-like
Distention by inflammatory exudate Congestion and necrosis of mucosa Fibrosis if chronic |
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What is the sequelae of epididymitis?
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Spermatocele, sperm granuloma, testicular degeneration and atrophy
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List the causes of protatitis
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Bacterial: Brucella, ascending coliform sp.
Secondary to prostatic hyperplasia in dogs |
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What does prostatitis look like grossly?
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Swollen, pus on section +/- abscesses, firm and fibrotic if chronic
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What does protatitis look like on histopath?
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Depend on the cause:
Suppurative exudate in acini or interstitial mononuclear/lymphoid cell infiltrate |
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What are the causes of prostatic hyperplasia?
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Age
Testosterone-dependant condition (not seen in castrates and regresses wtih castration and exogenous estrogens) |
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What are the gross lesions associated with prostatic hyperplasia?
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Large, firm multiple cysts - macrovesicluar or microvesicular
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What does prostatic hyperplasia look like on histopathology?
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Papilliferous proliferation of acinar epithelium --> cells are taller than normal
+/- cysts |
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What is the sequelae of prostatic hyperplasia?
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Obstructive uropathy --> secondary cystitis
Prostatitis Constipation, tenesmus --> perineal hernia |
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List the causes of balanoposthitis
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Bacterial: granular veneral disease (ureaplasm)
Viral: Herpes viruses --> Infectious pustular vulvovaginits in cattle, equine coital exanthema Parastic: habronemiasis, Trypanosoma equiperdum |
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List the neoplastic dieases of the external genitalia.
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Fibropapilloma in bulls
Squamous papillomas in horses Squamous cell carcinoma in horses Transmissible veneral tumor in dogs |
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What are lesions associated with segmental aplasia of the Mullerian duct system?
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Segmental aplasia
Mucometra Persistent hymen Doubling of tract (uterus, cervix) Unilateral development of tract +/- Infertility |
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What are the lesions associated with ovarian hypoplasia?
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Atrophic, firm, inactive ovaries
Can be bilateral or unilateral Tubular genitalia are also undeveloped |
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What is the pathogenesis of parauterine (serosal) cysts?
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Retained portions of the Wolfian duct --> multiple fluid filled cysts attached to wall of uterus
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What is the gross appearance of hypertrophic ovaries in horses?
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Large and congested from stimulation by placental hormones --> may be mistakened for kidneys
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What is the pathogenesis of cystic follicles?
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Lack of luteninzing hormone (LH) to induce ovulation.
Failure of hypothalamus to release "gonadotropin releasing hormone" in response to estrogen --> lack of LH release --> no ovulation --> persistent follicle --> anestrus |
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What are the extraovarian lesions of hyperestrogenism due to cyctic follicles?
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Endometrial hyperplasia (predispose to secondary pyometra), cystic mammary hyperplasia, uterine fibroids, cystic Gartner's ducts, vulvar edema and prominent clitoris.
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What is the pathogenesis of luteinized cystic follicles?
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Caused by some but insufficient LH to cause ovulation.
Low level LH --> cystic follicle --> luteinized cystic follicle --> anestrus |
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What are the causes of retained corpora lutea (pseudopregnancy/pseudocyesis)?
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Failure of CL to regress normally following ovulation in the non-pregnant bitch
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What are the gross lesions associated with a retained CL?
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Uterine and mammary development as for pregnancy observed 30-90 days post-estrus, and has spontaneous regression
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List the causes of oophoritis.
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Bacterial: Salmonella pullorum, TB
Secondary bacterial infections following salpingitis, metritis and perimetritis |
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What are the lesions associated with oophoritis?
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Acute: hyperemia, +/- exudate, +/- granuloma
Chronic: adhesions/scarring |
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What is the gross and histologic appearance of granulosa/theca cell tumors?
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Large, spherical, white fleshy and sometimes cystic mass
Cysts are lined by granulosa cells surrounded by variable populationss of thecal cells and cysts may contain "call exner" bodies |
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What are causes of hydrosalpinx (obstruction of the oviduct)?
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Congential --> segmental aplasia
Acquired Stenosis --> secondary post-inflammatory scarring |
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What lesions are assoicated with hydrosalpinx?
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Distention by watery or mucoid content, often unilateral
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What is the sequelae of hydrosalpinx?
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If bilateral, sterility
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What are the causes of salpingitis?
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Usually secondary to endometritis and metritis via ascending extension
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What are the lesions associated with salpangitis?
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Catarrhal or suppurative exudate on necrotic mucosa; if pus accumuates in lumen, then it is called pyosalpinx
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List common physical injuries of the female reproductive tract.
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Cervical prolapse --> secondary to dystocia; scarring
Uterine prolapse --> Mainly cow and ewe, only postpartum when cervix remains open Uterine Torsion --> pregnancy, pyometra, hydrometer --> produces dystoica Uterine Laceration and Rupture --> usually secondary to obstetrical manipulations, occassionally spontaneous; hemorrhage, peritonitis, ectopic fetus |
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What are causes of uterine prolapse?
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Hypocalcemia --> retained placenta, dystocia in cattle
Hyperestrogenism in ewes |
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List the causes of endometrial hyperplasia.
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Hyperestrogenism
Hyperprogesteronism Plant estrongens Estrogen-producing tumors |
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What is the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia?
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Hormonal stimulation of endometrium --> endometrial hyperplasia --> overproduction of mucous
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What are the gross lesions of endometrial hyperplasia?
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Thick spongy "Swiss cheese" mucus-covered mucosa, often secondary to pyometra
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What are the histopathologic lesions of endometrial hyperplasia?
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Cystic distention of mucosal glands by mucus, leukocytic infiltration of mucosa
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What is the sequelae of endometrial hyperplasia?
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Pyometra
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What is adenomyosis?
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It is when there is infiltration of endometrial tissue into the myometrium
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What are the lesions associated with uterine atrophy?
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Muscle layer is atrophied and the mucosa is atrophied.
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What lesions are present with delayed involution/subinvolution?
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Grossly: thick, hemorrhagic elipsoid at sides of prior implantation; retained CL
Histologically: endometrial hemorrhage, trophoblasts invaded into myometrium |
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What are predisposing factors of endometritis and metritis?
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Uterus under progesterone influence, open cervix, dystocia, retained placenta, dead fetus; retained CL in dogs and cows
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List 3 causes of endometritis.
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Postpartum infection --> secondary to dystocia or retained placenta
Venereal infection --> Camplyobacter, Trichomonas, Tayorella Hematogenous infection --> Mycobacterium, Brucella |
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What are the lesions of endometritis?
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Grossly: congested and edema with inflammatory exudate (neutrophils) on the surface of the mucosa, flacid wall
Microscopically: lamina propria heavily infiltrated with neutrophils |
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List the sequelae of endometritis.
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Healing with scarring (severe) --> infertile
Healing with regeneration (mild) --> fertile |
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Wht are the gross lesions of metritis?
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Thick flabby wall with congestion, edema and hemorrhage.
Placental debris and inflammatory exudate on necrotic mucosal surface. Foul odor of contents |
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What are the histologic lesions of metritis?
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mucosal necrosis, leukocytic infiltration extends deeply into muscular layers
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List the sequelae of metritis.
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Septicemia --> death
Healing with extensive mucosal scarring --> infertility Healing with mucosal regeneration --> fertile |
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What is pyometra?
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Chronic suppurative endometritis with retention of purulent exudate
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List the causes of pyometra.
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Dogs: Retained CL --> pseudopregnancy and cystic endometrial hyperplasia predisposes.
Cows: Postpartum infection usually, occasionally venereal. Pyometra --> loss of endometrium --> decreased synthesis of luteolytic PGF2a --> retained CL |
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What are the gross lesions of pyometra?
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Tract distened by pus
thick flabby wall in cow In bitch, may be locular distentions of postpartum tract by brown to yellow purulent exudate |
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What are the histopathologic lesions of pyometra?
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Mucosal necrosis, purulent exudate on surface and in uterine glands
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List the sequelae of pyometra.
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Septicemia --> death
Healing with scarring --> infertile |
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List the three most common uterine neoplasms.
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Leiomyoma/Fibroleiomyoma (Fibroid) --> firm nodular mass in uterine wall, seen with hyperestrogenism
Endometrial adenocarcinoma --> occasional in cow, most commin in aged rabbits Malignant lymphoma --> occasional in cows |
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What are common physical injuries of the vulva-vagina?
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Laceration or rupture --> seen with dystocia, obstertical manipulation but some is normal during parturiton
Prolapse --> advanced pregnancy, dystocia, hyperestrogenism predisposes Cystic Gartner's duct --> hyperestrogenism (cows with cystic follicles) |
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List the causes of vaginitis-vulvitis.
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Infection with herpes virus (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis)
Granular venereal disease Trauma |
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List the lesions of vaginitis, vulvitis.
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Congestion
Mucosal necrosis Inflammatory exudate on surface |
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List the most common vulva-vaginal neoplasms.
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Fibromatous polyps
Fibroma Leiomyoma "Fibroid" Fibropapilloma Transmissible venereal tumor Squamous cell carcinoma |
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List the four different types of placentas and the animals that have those kinds of placentas.
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Diffuse --> pig
Zonal/Zonary --> dog, cat Discoid --> primates Cotyledonary --> ruminants |
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What are causes of hydrallantois?
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Associated with uterine diseases --> decreased caruncles --> +/- adventitial placentation
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What are the lesions of hydroallantois
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Excess fluid in the allantoic sac (up to 70 L)
Adventitial placentation Dead fetus |
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What is the sequelae to hydrallantois?
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Dystocia
Retained placenta Metritis Small calves Abortion Ascites/Anasara |
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What is adventitial placentation?
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Occurs in cows, is a compensatory development of new endometrial attachment sites in cattle following inflammatory destruction of caruncles
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What are the gross lesions of adventitial placentation?
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Increased size of remaining caruncles
Formatin of new shaggy mats of intercaruncle placentation |
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List the causes of placentitis.
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Usually form hematogenous infection, may result from venereal or postpartum infection.
Bacterial: Campylobacter, Brucella, Chlamydial, Salmonella Protozoa: Toxoplasma, Trichomonas Fungi: Aspergillus, Mucor |
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What are the lesions associated with placentitis?
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Congestion, edema, and hemorrhage in friable necrotic placenta (at cotyledons)
May be thick and leathery in some infections (brucella, mycotic) |
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List the sequelae of placentitis.
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Fetal death and resporption depending on the stage of gestation;
Dystocia; Retained placenta; Metritis; Endometrial scarring |
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List the clinical expressions of disease by a fetus.
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Resorption
Maceration Mummification Abortion/Stillbirth |
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What are the causes of abortion?
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External expuslion of the fetus during gestation (may be alive):
Physical injury --> palpation, douching Genetic --> lethal Nutritional --> Viatmin A or I deficinecy Hormonal --> excess corticosteroids, estrogens Toxins --> NO3, Plants Infection Twinning |
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What is a stillbirth?
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Delivery of a dead, full-term fetus, find meconium in aminon fluid
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What causes delayed parturition?
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Pituitary-adrenal insufficiency in anencphaly;
Pituitary aplasia; Parturition is induced by fetus |
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Compare mummification from maceration or fetal emphysema.
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Mummification: the fetus and membranes is dry and leathery due to a closed cervix --> sterile environment --> dessicated fetus is retained because no putrifactive bacteria
Maceration/Fetal Emphysema the fetus is retained (bones, pieces of tissue/fluid) --> open cervix --> contamination of environment --> putrefaction of fetus |
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List the two common distrubances of growth in the mammary gland.
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Atrophy --> post lactation involution occurs in all four quarters; post-inflammatory fibrosis replacement can occur in a single quarter
Hyperplasia --> hyperestrogenism and pseudopregancy in dogs; produced by excess progesterone in cats; idiopathic in dogs and cats |
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List the causes of mastisis.
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Bacterial: Strep ssp. Mycoplasm, coliforms --> most infectious occur through teat canal but some can be hematogenous
Viral: pseudocowpox, malignant catarrhal fever, herpesvirus |
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What are the gross lesions of acute mastitis?
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Swollen, red, purulent exudate on section, secretion is serous or hemorrhagic with white clumps
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What are the histologic lesions of acute mastitis?
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Leukocytic exudation into acini;
congestion; edema; necrosis of epithelium |
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What are the lesions of gangrenous mastitis?
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Cold
Lack sensation Dark purple-black line of demarcation Foul smell Sloughing (late) |
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List the sequelae of mastitis.
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Septicemia --> death
Post-inflammatory atrophy and scarring --> permanent decrease in milk production |
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List the 3 types of neoplasms commonly observed in the mammary gland of domestic animals.
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Mixed Tumors --> benign or malignant, firm, spherical circumscibed, often multiple; Histopath: epithelial and myoepithelial neoplaasa that may form bone, cartilage, myxomatous or fibrous stroma
Adenomas Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma --> simple and comples types, white, firm, poorly circumscribed, may be ulcerated, frequently metastese to lymph nodes, lungs etc. Adenocarcinoma is most frequently mammary tumor in cats; Histopathology- pleomorphic epithelial cells, abundant mitoses, local and vascular invasion |
