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269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What would you look out for in the patients demeanour? |
Signs of pain, signs of stress, signs of discomfort, nerves, excitement and aggression |
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What is dyspnoeic? |
Difficulty breathing |
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What would you check for with pulse? |
Rate and quality Palpated where artery runs close to peripheral tissue Corresponds to blood being ejected from left ventricle of heart |
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What are SMART objectives? |
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time keeping |
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What is clinical governance? |
A reflection on the practice clinically (audits) |
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Who may lodge a formal complaint ? |
RCVS/Solicitor |
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Name Hippocrates four temperaments |
Metenchonic Phlematic Sanguine Chloleric |
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What acronym is used to describe posture and body language? |
SURETY |
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What is a proxemic? |
Space when communicating |
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What are haptics? |
Interpersonal touch |
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What are paralinguistics? |
Use along side language |
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What are the 5 types of listening? |
Empathetic Discriminative Critical Appreciative Comprehensive |
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What are the trace elements? |
Zinc Iron Manganese Copper Iodine Selenium |
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What are the macro elements? |
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium/sodium |
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What does zinc do? |
Transports blood into vitamin A and is important in reproduction. Excessive levels do not occur. Deficiency leads to poor growth, anorexia, alopecia, hyperkeratosis |
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What does iodine do? |
Synthesises thyroid hormones. Excessive levels are rare. Deficiency can cause low thyroid and weight gain. |
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What does selenium do? |
Works with vitamin E as an antioxidant - eggs, fish and liver. Not reported in dogs and cats |
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What does copper do? |
Formation of RBC’s Pigmentation of skin and hair Excessive levels - interferes with zinc and iron metabolism Deficiency causes anaemia, reproductive failure and hair depigmentation |
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What are the 6 essential nutrients and which are energy producing? |
Protein - E Fats - E Carbohydrates- E Fibre Water Minerals |
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What happens to amino acids within the liver? |
Converted to urea and then secreted to kidneys |
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List 3 disaccharides and describe the composition |
Lactose - galactose and glucose Sucrose - fructose and maltose Maltose - 2xx glucose |
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What is vitamin A required for? |
Normal vision (retinol) Healthy skin and coat Growth support |
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What is vitamin C required for? |
Absorbic acid Required for antioxidant and collagen synthesis |
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What is vitamin K? |
Required for blood clotting. Can be synthesised in large intestine. Found in leafy greens |
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What is the biological value? |
Palatability? Utilisable? Digestible? |
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Why do pets need carbs? |
Energy provision Source of fibre Produce lactose Synthesis of RNA and DNA |
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Why do pets require fat? |
Increase energy Palatability Hormone synthesis Thermoregulation Insulation Provides essential fatty acids |
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What is the Latin name for a tick? |
Ixodes spp |
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What zoonotic disease can ticks spread? |
Lyme disease |
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What is haematophagous? |
An animal (parasite) feeding on blood |
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What two burrowing mites can affect dogs? |
Sarcoptic Demodectic |
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3 surface mites which affect dogs: |
Sarcoptic mange Trombiculosis Cheyletiella |
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What is a lice infection known as? |
Pediculosis capitis |
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What is the first faeces passed by a neonate known as? |
Meconium |
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What is the first faeces passed by a neonate known as? |
Meconium |
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How many mammary glands does the queen possess? |
8 - 4 pairs |
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Describe a cleft palate |
Palatine arch fails to fuse Occurs in maxilla - incisor ridge Primary/ secondary palates |
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What are swollen neonates with excess body fluids knows as? |
Foetal anasarca |
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What are cells lining the blastocyst known as? |
Trophoblasts |
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What is the outer most extra-membryonic membrane called? |
Corion |
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What is junk dna known as? |
Introns |
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What is Mendels law of uniformity? |
When two homozygous with different alleles are crossed. All offspring are heterozygous |
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What is lyonisation? |
Y chromosome is useless. Males have one X and females have 2XX. 50% of each gene is produced in off spring |
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What are the 5 needs in the animal welfare act? |
Need for a suitable diet Need to be house with or apart from others Need to be free from suffering injury and disease Need for a suitable environment The need to exhibit normal behaviour patterns |
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What is crepuscular? |
Active at dawn and dusk |
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What is the Gibbs reflective learning cycle? |
Description - what happened Feelings - what were you thinking and feeling? Evaluation - what was good and bad? Analysis - what sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion - what else could you have done? Action plan - what would you do if you were to do it again? |
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What is oviparous? |
To lay eggs externally |
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What is ovoviviparous? |
To produce young but lay eggs internally (birds) |
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What is mastitis? |
Inflammation of mammary glands -trauma from suckling - discoloured milk may be produced |
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What is metritis? |
Inflammation of the uterus. - clinical signs occur within a week after birth -reduced milk production and lack of maternal instincts |
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What is eclampsia? |
Low blood calcium |
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Which animals are seasonally polyoestrus? |
Rabbits and ferrets |
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Which animals are precocial? |
Chinchillas and guinea pigs |
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What is the Latin name for lung worm? |
Angiostrongylus vasorum |
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What are the intermediate hosts of lung worm? |
Slugs and snails |
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Which ingredient in flea products are poisonous to cats? |
Permethrin |
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What are the Latin names for dog and cat fleas? |
Ctenocephalides felis Ctenocephalides canis |
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What is the Latin name for tape worm? |
Diplydium caninum |
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What is the Latin name for tape worm? |
Diplydium caninum |
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What is a lice infection also known as? |
Pediculosis |
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What are the two types of vaccine? |
Live and killed |
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How often do puppies and kittens need worming? |
Every 2 weeks until 12 weeks as they can acquire worms from their mothers milk |
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What are forms of environmental enrichment? |
Social - physical contact Sensory - visual and auditory Nutritional - types and methods of delivery Physical - movement and exercise Occupational - giving them a “job” |
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What are the two types of crosses within George mendels inheritance laws? |
Hybrid Dihybrid |
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What are the three laws in mendels law of inheritance? |
Law of segregation Law of uniformity Law of independent assortment |
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What is codominance? |
Alleles can give different instructions for the same characteristic |
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What is codominance? |
Alleles can give different instructions for the same characteristic |
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What is lyonisation? |
When an X chromosome is inactivated within one of the cells due to females receiving twice the number of genes |
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What is codominance? |
Alleles can give different instructions for the same characteristic |
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What is lyonisation? |
When an X chromosome is inactivated within one of the cells due to females receiving twice the number of genes |
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What are the main required vaccines for dogs? |
Parvovirus, distemper, adenovirus and leptospirosis Hepatitis? |
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What does potassium do? |
Important in nerve function and muscle contraction Maintains acid balance and osmotic regulation |
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What does magnesium do? |
Normal function of cardiac and skeletal muscle Present in bones Kidneys important in metabolism |
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What is the UFAW? |
Universities federation of animal welfare - an independent charity to helps to educate people when referring to animals needs. |
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What are the three R’s in UFAW? |
Replace, reduce, refine |
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Where is the popliteal gland located? |
Medical aspect of hind limb |
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Where is the popliteal gland located? |
Medical aspect of hind limb |
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Where is the axillary lymph node located? |
Armpit region |
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Where is the popliteal gland located? |
Medical aspect of hind limb |
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Where is the axillary lymph node located? |
Armpit region |
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Where is the submandibular lymph node located? |
Near angle of jaw |
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Where is the prescapular lymph node located? |
Cranial to shoulder joint |
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What does pale mucous membranes indicate? |
Poor perfusion Circulatory collapse Severe vasoconstriction Anaemia |
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What does pale mucous membranes indicate? |
Poor perfusion Circulatory collapse Severe vasoconstriction Anaemia |
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What can red mucous membranes indicate? (Hyperaemic) |
Congestion, sepsis, fever, excessive tissue damage, petechia |
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What do blue/purple (cyanotic) mmc indicate? |
Severe hypoxaemia Respiratory difficulty - lack of oxygen |
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What do blue/purple (cyanotic) mmc indicate? |
Severe hypoxaemia Respiratory difficulty - lack of oxygen |
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What do yellow MMC (Icteric) MMC indicate? |
Liver disease, bile flow obstruction, increase in red cell destruction |
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What do spotted MMC (petechia) indicate? |
Small haemorrhages Clotting disorder Warfarin poising |
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What does the Orem theory 1959-2001 do? |
Encourages independence Self-care deficit - maintaining and managing |
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What does the Orem theory 1959-2001 do? |
Encourages independence Self-care deficit - maintaining and managing |
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What is the RLT theory? |
Based on activity living |
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What does the Orem theory 1959-2001 do? |
Encourages independence Self-care deficit - maintaining and managing |
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What is the RLT theory? |
Based on activity living |
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What does the medical theory do? |
Based around veterinary examination - History, Clinical examination, Physical and biological aspects of diseases and conditions |
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What is the ability model? |
Emotion based - problem solving |
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What is a precocial animal? |
An animal born in advanced state and able to feed itself immediately - guinea pigs |
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What is a precocial animal? |
An animal born in advanced state and able to feed itself immediately - guinea pigs |
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What is an altricial animal? |
An animal born helpless and dependant on the mother (blind/deaf) |
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What is the first milk called? |
Colostrum |
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Why do 15-20% of neonates pass away before weaning? |
Immunologically incompetent Reliant on dam and poor management Poor health mechanisms Thermoregulation, fluid and energy balance Fading puppy syndrome ‘Foetal monsters’ Heart disease Flat puppies Micropthalmia Lethal genes |
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What is the normal TPR for a dog? |
T - 38.3-38.7 HR -60-100 RR - 10-30 |
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What is the normal TPR for a dog? |
T - 38.3-38.7 HR -60-100 RR - 10-30 |
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What is the normal TPR for a cat? |
T- 38.0-38.5 HR-120-200 RR-20-30 |
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What is the normal TPR for a dog? |
T - 38.3-38.7 HR -60-100 RR - 10-30 |
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What is the normal TPR for a cat? |
T- 38.0-38.5 HR-120-200 RR-20-30 |
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What is the normal TPR for a rabbit? |
T-38.5-40 HR-180-325 RR-30-60 |
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What can a prolonged CRT indicate? |
Shock, dehydration, hypovolemia, hypotension, poor peripheral perfusion |
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What can a prolonged CRT indicate? |
Shock, dehydration, hypovolemia, hypotension, poor peripheral perfusion |
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What can an increased CRT indicate? |
Pain, fever, anxiety |
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What are fleas an intermediate host for? |
Tapeworm |
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What is the inner layer of the ovum, consisting of glyco-protein known as? |
Zona pelucida |
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What is the inner layer of the ovum, consisting of glyco-protein known as? |
Zona pelucida |
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What are the cells lining the blastocyst known as? |
Trophoblasts |
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Which layer of the embryo is the circulatory system derived from? |
Mesoderm |
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What is the outer most extra-embryonic membrane called? |
Corion |
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What type of placenta is present in dogs and cats? |
Zonory placenta |
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What is the colour of lochia in the bitch and queen? |
Queen - brown Bitch - black / green |
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Wha-t is the most common cause of secondary uterine inertia? |
Uterine exhaustion |
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Wha-t is the most common cause of secondary uterine inertia? |
Uterine exhaustion |
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How are puppies presented during parturition? |
Head facing anterior Hind legs presented first |
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What are five signs of impending parturition? |
Obstruction in the birth canal Foul smell Excessive discharge Bitch becoming distressed and clingy Nesting behaviour |
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At what stage of parturition is the placenta passed? |
Stage 3 |
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What is precocial and altricial? |
Precocial - mature at birth, not dependant on mother Altricial - neonates dependant on mother - born blind/deaf |
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What is the first faeces passed by a neonate known as? |
Meconium |
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How many mammary glands do queens possess? |
4 pairs |
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Why do we check umbilicus of neonates? |
Check for abnormalities and ensure there is no attachment to the mother Check for any haemorrhages |
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When and how can puppies and kittens start to pass faeces and urine voluntarily? |
Mother will begin to lick the perineum stimulating them to pass urine and faeces. They can do this voluntarily between 2-3 weeks old. |
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What are disadvantages of hand rearing puppies? |
Unable to socialise with other neonates They may not always receive required nutrients |
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List and describe forms of environmental enrichment |
Toys - provide stimulation and prevent boredom Physical - mirrors and exercises Occupational - “giving them a job” Nutrition - substances should be provided |
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3 elements of body score check? |
Weight - checking waistline Ribs - pressure check Spinal check |
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List the bases found in DNA and outline how they are paired? |
Thianine Adenine Guanine Cyastine Paired together via amino acids. One is maternal and one is paternal- joined by hydrogen bonds |
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What is junk DNA and what is it also known as? |
DNA which is unable to be expressed or synthesised into proteins - spare chromosomes Introns - junk DNA Exons - coding part |
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a cat posses? |
19 - haploid 38 - diploid |
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What is parthogenic? |
Reproduction from an ovum without fertilisation |
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What is metritis? |
Inflammation of the uterus Clinical signs occur a week after birth - fever, foul smelling discharge, loss of appetite, listlessness, reduced milk production and lack of maternal instincts |
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What are possible post partum complications? |
Mastitis - inflammation of mammary glands Metritis - inflammation of uterus Placental retention Eclampsia |
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What are signs of eclampsia? |
Low blood calcium, panting, restlessness, salivation, tachycardia, pyrexia and convulsions |
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What happens in fertilisation? |
Zygote divides cells until a blastocyst is formed creating the embryo |
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What are signs of primary uterine intertia? |
Poor condition of the uterine musculature in fat or debilitated animals. Litter size is large causing over stretching of the uterus |
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How can an obstruction of the birth canal occur? |
Deformity of pelvic bones Soft tissue abnormalities within pelvis - press against reproductive tract Abnormality of reproductive tract |
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How should foetal alignment be presented? |
Should be longitudinal at birth canal Can be anterior 60% or posterior 40% Dorsum should be in same orientation as dam Anterior - head should be extended and legs first |
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Describe inbreeding and give an example |
Mating of two closely related animals. Brother and sister from same litter. |
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What hormone does the corpus luteum produce? |
Progesterone |
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Why may you see pseudocyesis during the oestrus cycle and why? |
During end of metoestrus. Dog may experience high signs of becoming ready for pregnancy due to high levels of progesterone. Prolactin is released from PPG causing milk production and thickened mammary glands |
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What is lordosis? |
The action of a female cat showing she is ready for mating. Tail is pushed to the side, back dipped and rear end up in air. Female may also call to attract males |
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What occurs following the absence of mating in oestrus in the queen? |
Interoestrus |
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Which fraction of ejaculate is sperm rich in the dog? |
Second fraction |
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What happens during feline natural mating? |
Female presents with lordosis. Barbs on male penis stimulate ovulation and PH levels. |
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What elements should you consider when feeding a cat prone to struvite crystals? |
Water intake Wet food - contain more liquids Magnesium is in struvite Lower PH - prevent obesity |
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What micro mineral are Nordic breeds prone to a deficiency of and what can this lead to? |
Zinc - lead to skin problems |
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How would you nutritionally manage an obese patient? |
High fibre so patient feels full Work out RER Low fat diets - reduce calorie intake |
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What are the macro minerals? |
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Sodium Chloride |
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What is the correct terminology for high blood potassium and why is this an emergency? |
Hyperkalaemia - affects cardiac muscle |
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What are the ten essential amino acids? |
Phenylanine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine Theonine Tryptophan Methionine Isoleucine Valine Taurine in cats |
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What are the proteases and where are they secreted from? |
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Secreted from pancreas |
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What happens to amino acids in the liver? |
Converted to urea and then secreted to the kidneys |
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What is the function of bile and how is this achieved? |
Bile helps to break down fats by secreting amino acids into the liver which are then transported to body cells |
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When can pets have the rabies vaccination? |
Must be 12 weeks old 21 days before travel If going to an unlisted country will need blood test to confirm immunity |
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What 6 things are needed in a pet passport? |
Owner Description of animal Microchip Rabies BT Details of OV Tapeworm |
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What treats tapeworm? |
Praziquantel - must be given 24 hours prior to entry to UK |
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What does DEFRA stand for? |
Department for environment, food and rural affairs |
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Name the stages of wound healing in order |
Heamostasis Inflammatory Proliferative Re-modelling |
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What happens during heamostasis? |
Bleeding stops Vacoconstriction Platelet plug forms Fibrinogen (soluble) is converted to fibrin (insoluble) Combination of platelet plug, RBC’s and fibrin form a fibrin plug |
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What happens during the inflammatory phase? |
‘Clean up’ Triggered by platelets and fibrin Neutrophils enter and clean up bacteria, debris, necrotic tissue Neutrophils produce cytokines which attract monocytes Monocytes mature to macrophages Macrophages important in autolytic debridement (removal of necrotic tissue) |
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What happens during proliferative stage? |
Rebuilding phase Triggered by macrophages in wound 3 stages: Fibroplasia - fibroblasts lay down layers of connective tissue Angiogenesis - development of new capillaries either from pre-existing capillaries at wound edges or migration of endothelial cells Epithelialisation - epithelial cells migrate across wound to reconstitute epidermis Wound starts to contract at the end of this phase |
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What happens in the remodelling phase? |
Strengthening Collagen fibres become thicker with increased crossed linking to strengthen the wound |
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How does the wound look during the remodelling phase? |
Tissue will appear healed (scar tissue) but strengthening happens beneath the surface |
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How does the wound look during the proliferative phase? |
Granulation tissue. Bright red, vascular, granular surface. Later on will show epithelial tissue at the edges of the wound |
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How does the wound look during inflammatory phase? |
Flamed, red, hot to touch, exudate, swollen |
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What is the medical model? |
Nursing model which sees patients as anatomical parts and physiological systems. No consideration of individual patient needs |
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What is the nursing model? |
Patient focused care. Provides structure and framework to care delivery. |
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What is the nursing process? |
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation |
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What is the Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing |
Nursing model which considers activities of living, patient life span. Dependence - factors influencing activities of living, individuality of living |
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What is the Orem model? |
Nursing model based on the theory that all animals wish to care for themselves voluntarily and deliberately. |
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What is the ability model? Orpet and jeffery |
First veterinary specific model. Considers the ten abilities, life span and key influencing factors |
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What are the 12 activities of living from the RLT model |
Maintaining a safe environment Communicating Breathing Eating and drinking Eliminating Personal cleansing Thermoregulation Mobilising Work/play Sexuality Sleeping Dying |
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What is a dog catheter? |
Straight tip. Rounded tip with oval drainage holes either side Made from polyamide |
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What is the Silicone Foley catheter? |
Does not have a luer connector compatible with all lubricants Made from silicone and has a retaining balloon |
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What is a tiemans catheter? |
Used in bitches only, has a curved tip to aid insertion Not indwelling, made from PCV - soft and flexible so insertion tricky |
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What is the Jackson cat catheter? |
Can be indwelling but is uncomfortable. Luer fitting. Commonly used in male cats but can be used in females |
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Latex Foley catheter? |
Made from latex. Has an inflatable balloon Should not be lubricated with petroleum based products Only for use in bitches Secured drainage holes and metal stylet |
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How long should you leave an anorexic patient before assisted feeding? |
3 days |
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How long should you leave an anorexic patient before assisted feeding? |
3 days |
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How much weight should a patient lose before starting assisted feeding? |
10% |
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What is enteral feeding? |
Uses the GI tract to provide nutritional support Preferred choice - maintains health of GI tract Prevents destruction of lining in the gut |
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What is parental feeding? |
Administration of essential nutrients intravenously Central line via a jugular catheter Used in patients who are unable to adequately absorb nutrients from the GI tract |
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How much is partial parental nutrition? |
40-70% |
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How much is partial parental nutrition? |
40-70% |
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Who must vet students abide by? |
Veterinary surgeons regulations 1993 |
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What is the farriers registration act 1975 and 1977? |
All registered farriers must comply with this. Must communicate about what eachother should be doing. Neither can criticise eachother to the client |
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What law should physiotherapists follow? |
Veterinary surgeons (exemptions) order 2015 |
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What must all blood samples be in accordance with? |
Blood sampling order 1983 |
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What is the veterinary surgeons act 1966? |
Act of Parliament that effects vets, RVNSs and SVNs. Explains schedule 3. Anyone can give first aid. |
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What is the health and safety at work act 1974? |
Applies to all businesses. Notes requirements for risk assessments and instructs everyone should adhere to health and safety. |
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What is the management of health and safety at work regulations 1999? |
More in depth for management regarding organisations, planning, control and reviews |
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What is the health and safety at work regulations 1992? |
Duty of every employer to ensure health and safety at work and conduct risk assessments |
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What year was COSHH implemented? |
2002 - control of substances hazardous to health |
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What is the hazardous waste regulations 2005? |
Duty of care to control all clinical waste |
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When was the manual handling regulations implemented? |
1972 |
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What is the health and safety regulations 1981? |
Employers must provide equipment, facilities and personnel to enable first aid to be given |
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When was riddor first implemented? |
1995 - reporting of injuries, disease and dangerous occurences regulations |
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What should the work place equipment be assessed under? |
Health and safety regulations 1992 |
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What is the noise at work regulations 1989? |
Employers must assess noise, measures must be taken to control minimise and eliminate noise. Cannot go above 85 decibels |
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What is the regulatory reform order 2005? |
Fire risk assessments must be in place. |
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What is the ionising radiation regulations 1999? |
Must always be clinical justification for X-rays, minimal personal exposure |
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Active ingredient of disinfectants? |
Biocides |
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What is an example of gram-negative bacteria? |
Salmonella - has a robust cell wall, very resistant |
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What is an example of gram-positive bacteria? |
Staphylococcus |
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What is mycobacteria? |
Bacteria with additional layers in the cell wall. Resistant to disinfectants |
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Examples of disinfectant agents? |
Aldehydes Peroxygen compounds Chlorine based Iodine based Phenols Alcohol Biguanides |
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What is chemical sterilisation? |
Doesn’t destroy bacteria PPE needed Cheap and easy May need 24 hours immersion to work |
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What does bactericidal mean? |
Kills bacteria |
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Define disinfection |
Removal of microorganisms but not always pathogens and spores - reduces number of microbes |
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What does virucidal? |
Kills viruses |
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What is antisepsis? |
Prevention of sepsis usually by disinfection |
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What does bacteriostatic mean? |
Prevents bacteria from producing |
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What is alcohol effective against? |
MRSA, fungi, some viruses |
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What is chlorhexidine effective against? |
Gram positive bacteria, some viruses and some fungi |
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What are chlorine based halogens effective against? |
Bacteria viruses fungi and spores |
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What is iodine effective against? |
All bacteria, some spores, viruses, fungi |
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What are halogens effective against? |
Bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi |
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What are peryoxygen compounds effective against? |
Bacteria, some spores, viruses and fungi |
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What are phenols effective against |
Bacteria and fungi |
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What are aldehydes effective against? |
Bacteria and fungi |
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Examples of cold sterilisation? |
Ethylene oxide Irradiation Chemical disinfectants |
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What does a vacuum assisted autoclave do? |
Quick and efficient. Evacuates air rapidly from the chamber at the start of the cycle |
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What is a vertical autoclave? |
Hot boiling water in a closed container |
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What is a horizontal autoclave ? |
Electrically operated boiler producing steam through downward placement. Packs can come out wet |
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What can be used to test sterilisation? |
TST strips Bowie dickie tape Spore tests Browne’s tubes |
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When is ethylene oxide used? |
Items damaged by heat Toxic Highly effective |
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Why do pets need proteins? |
Energy provision Aid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, insulation, hormone synthesis, produces essential fatty acids and used for cell membranes controlling water loss from the skin |
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What happens if patients do not receive enough fat? |
Impaired reproductive performance Dry / scaly skin Impaired wound healing |
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What is produced by the stomach? |
Gastric lipase |
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What does the liver produce? |
Bile which is stored in the gallbladder |
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What break down fats?? |
Lipase - dissembles triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids |
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What is protein made up of? |
Amino acids made up of peptide bonds |
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Why do pets need protein? |
Development of body tissues and cell regeneration Tissue growth and repair Source of energy Transport of oxygen Protection against infection Manufacture of hormones and enzymes |
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What happens if patients do not get enough protein? |
Reduced body mass Hair loss and fatigue Poor growth Muscle atrophy Dull coat |
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How is protein digested? |
Pepsin is released in the stomach Protease activity in SI breaks down PP chains. Amino acids are absorbed through SI. Amino acids travel via liver to body cells. |
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What is a phenotype? |
Genotype + environment |
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Four most dangerous dogs? |
Pit bull terrier Japanese |
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What are the four dogs banned in the UK? |
Pit bull terrier Japanese tosas Dogo Argentino Fila braziliero |
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What occurs in protein synthesis? |
mRNA moves into cytoplasm of the cell Ribosomes move along and read codons mRNA attaches to RNA tRNA bond to a specific amino acid Amino acids link and form a polypeptide chain |
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What is the DNA structure? |
Double helix structure Two nucleotide chains Backbone of sugar phosphate molecules attached to nitrogenous bases Purines and pyrimidines Held together by hydrogen bonds |
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What happens if a patient has travelled from Jamaica |
Pet must be microchipped and vaccinated in a different non-EU listed country |
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What is inbreeding? |
Mating of two closely related individuals To fix the desired characteristics |
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What is line breeding? |
Mating two individuals which share an ancestor Less easy to produce offspring Slower fixing of desirable characteristics |
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What is outbreeding? |
Mating of two unrelated individuals Unlikely to pass on unwanted traits Offspring show hybrid vigour or heterosis |
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How many oestrus cycles do bitches have per year? |
2 Spontaneous ovulators Under hormonal control |
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What happens during pro-oestrus in the bitch? |
“In season” Some vulval swelling Blood stained discharge Attracts dog but repels mating FHS released and initiates growth of follicles on ovaries Follicles produce oestrogen |
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What happens during oestrus? 8-12 days |
More swollen and flaccid vulva Discharge more mucoid and less blood Attracts dog and allows mating
Progesterone produced and oestrogen levels fall Triggers ovulation Follicles develop into corpus luteum which produces progesterone High levels signify end of oestrus |
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What happens during metoestrus? - 55 days |
No external signs Not attractive to dogs Vulva is normal Synonymous with pregnancy Drop in progesterone Pseudocyesis can happen |
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What is anoestrus? |
No activity Release of FSH stimulates oestrous |
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What happens during oestrus in the queen? |
Increasing signs of oestrogen Vocalisation Posturing Rubbing intimate objects |
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When does inoestrus occur in the queen? |
Following the absence of mating in oestrus |
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What happens in metoestrus in the queen? |
Occurs following a non-fertile mating Ovulation induced but no conception CL forms and produces progesterone Queen returns to cyclical activity |
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How can semen be collected during artificial insemination? |
Freshly collected Chilled Frozen and thawed |
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How can artificial insemination take place? |
Vaginal insemination Trans cervical insemination Surgical insemination |
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What can be used to terminate pregnancy? |
Ovariohysterectomy Chemical hormones Progesterone receptor antagonists |
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What are the bases found in DNA and how are they paired? |
Adenine (purine) paired with thymine (pyramidine) Guanine (purine) paired with cytosine (pyramidine) Joined by hydrogen bonds |
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When are recessive genes expressed? |
When both alleles are homozygous |
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What happens in embryonic development? |
Pre-implantation - fertilised ovum divides Balls of cells become a morula which is passed down uterine tube Embryo enters uterus as a blastocyst |
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What happens in embryonic development? |
Pre-implantation - fertilised ovum divides Balls of cells become a morula which is passed down uterine tube Embryo enters uterus as a blastocyst |
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What happens during embryonic development? |
Placenta develops - embryos implant either side of uterine horns Brain, spinal cord and face begin to develop Pups can be palpated Sex can be determined Organogenesis almost complete Toes, whiskers, buds and claws develop - eyes closed |
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What happens in pre-implantation development? |
Pre-implantation - fertilised ovum divides Balls of cells become a morula which is passed down uterine tube Embryo enters uterus as a blastocyst |
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What happens during embryonic development? |
Placenta develops - embryos implant either side of uterine horns Brain, spinal cord and face begin to develop Pups can be palpated Sex can be determined Organogenesis almost complete Toes, whiskers, buds and claws develop - eyes closed |
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What happens during foetal development? |
Skin development, heart can be heard Organogenesis complete Clarification of skeleton Puppies can be born Rapid growth - puppies covered in hair and pads develop |
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Two points used for pulse assessment |
Femoral artery Carpal artery Dorsal metatarsal artery Lingual artery Coccygeal artery |
