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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 types of endocrine secretions? |
Steroids
Lipids Iodothyronine Catecholamines Glycoproteins (polypeptides) |
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How are excess hormones removed? By which organs?
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Degraded by liver
Excreted by kidneys |
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...short half life |
Polypeptide
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...target receptors on plasma membrane. |
Polypeptide
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...activates protein kinase via cAMP |
Polypeptide
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...stored in secretory granules |
Polypeptide
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...most common hormone |
polypeptide
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...long half life |
steroid
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Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...target receptors usually in nucleus |
steroid
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Which mechanisms of endocrinopathy DO NOT directly involve the secretory gland (ie not a primary or secondary function)?
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dysfunction due to target cell response
secretion by non-endocrine neoplasms abnormal hormone degredation iatrogenic hormone excess |
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What are the three mechanisms resulting in a primary hypofunction?
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Destruction of secretory cells
Secretory cell aplasia Biochemical defect in synthetic pathway |
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What are two mechanisms that will cause a secondary hypofuction?
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Nutritional deficiency
Destruction of cells in organ interfering with secretion by another organ (eg: pituitary destruction causes adrenal cortical hypofunction) |
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T or F:
Primary hyperfunction is generally neoplastic. |
True
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Acidophil adenoma (pituitary gland) |
Growth hormone --> Acromegaly
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma |
Estrogen --> feminization
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Pheochromocytoma |
Norepinephrine --> hypertension
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Follicular cell adenoma |
T4/T3 --> increased basal metabolic rate
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...C-cell adenoma/carcinoma |
Calcitonin --> osteosclerosis
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...chief cell adenoma |
PTH --> fibrous osteodystrophy
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Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...beta cell adenoma/carcinoma |
insulin --> hypoglycemia
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T or F:
Secondary hyperfunction is primarily unilateral in paired organs. |
False! It is bilateral
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Which adrenal layer is involved in salt regulation and what hormone does it secrete?
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Zona glomerulosa --> mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
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Which adrenal layer is involved in glucose regulation and what hormone does it secrete?
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Zona fasciculata --> glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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Which adrenal layer is involved in sex hormones and what hormone does it secrete?
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Zona reticularis --> androgens (T, DHT, Androstenedione, DHEA)
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Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
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Epinephrine and NE
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What would be some sequelae to oversecretion of ACTH (with regard to endocrine function)?
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Bilateral secondary hyperfunction of adrenal cortex --> increased cortisol secretion --> increased gluconeogenesis and immunosuppression
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What are two common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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1) nutritional (low Ca, high P, low vit D)
2) renal dz (hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia --> increased PTH secretion) |
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What is the most awesome example of paraneoplastic syndrome?
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Adenocarcinoma of anal sac secreting PTH-like protein
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What is a good example of endocrine dysfunction due to failure of target cell response?
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1) insulin resistance
2) lack of adenylate cyclase (???) |
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If hyperestrogenism is the condition and abnormal degradation is the dysfunction, what is the mechanism?
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Liver damage (cirrhosis) causes decreased estrogen degradation
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Anatomy review:
What are the two main parts of the pituitary? |
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis |
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Anatomy review:
What are the parts of the neurohyhpophysis? |
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum |
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Anatomy review:
What are the parts of the adenohypophysis? |
Pars intermedia
P. distalis P. tuberalis |
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What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of corticosteroids cause?
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hypercorticism and atrophy of adrenal cortex
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What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of insulin cause?
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hypoglycemia
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What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of thyroxin cause?
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hyperthyroidism
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What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of progesterones cause?
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excess GH production by mammary glands --> acromegaly
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The pituitary secretes a ton of hormones. What are some of them?
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Growth hormone (somatotrophin)
Prolactin ACTH LH FSH TSH MSH ADH (Vasopressin) Oxytocin |
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What are the main hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis?
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Oxytocin
ADH (vasopressin) |
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What are the main hormones secreted by the Adenohypophysis?
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TSH
ACTH FSH Prl GH MSH Endorphins |
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T or F:
Fetuses with congenital aplasia of the pituitary often spontaneously abort. |
False!
No pituitary = no birth (lack of progesterone conversion into estrogen) |
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What hormone level is low in pituitary dwarfism?
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Somatomedin
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What condition is characterized by an excess of corticosteroids?
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Cushing's Disease
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What is the most common pituitary tumor of the horse? What are some major clinical signs with this tumor?
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Pars intermedia adenoma;
Hirsutism, old horse, hyperhidrosis, & etc |
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T or F:
The pars intermedia adenoma is the most common pituitary tumor in the dog. |
False! It is the 2nd most common! However, it is the most common in the horse.
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Calcinosis cutis is a finding in dogs with what type of tumors?
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Pars intermedia adenoma
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What is the major hormone involved with neurohypophyseal disorders?
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ADH
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What is the function of aldosterone? Where does it act?
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Sodium resorption and water retention; acts at the distal convoluted tubule
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What is the function of ADH?
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Acts on collecting duct to retain water (insertion of aquaporin 2 channels)
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What are the two causes of diabetes insipidus?
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Neurohypophyseal tumor
Nephrogenic DI (no ADH receptors in kidney) |
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T or F:
Most adrenal tumors occur in the cortex. |
True!
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Hypoadrenocorticism is also known as...
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...Addison's Disease
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Adrenocortical hemorrhage is also known as.....
What is this lesion indicative of? |
Waterhouse-Fredrichsen Syndrome is indicative of septicemia
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What is a common form of benign adrenal tumor common in old horses, dogs, and cats?
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Nodular hyperplasia
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What is the #1 cause of hyperadrenalcorticism in older dogs?
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Functional pituitary adenoma
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T or F:
Adrenocortical adenomas are more common than adrenocortical carcinomas. |
True!
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What is a unique finding in dogs with adrenocortical carcinomas?
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Hepatomegaly
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What is a common adrenal medullary tumor that can occur in animals of any age (especially dogs)?
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Pheochromocytoma
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What are the endocrine cells of the thyroid and what do they produce?
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C-cells (parafollicular cells) - calcitonin
Follicular cells - T3/T4 |
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What are some histologic signs that a thyroid's follicular cells are active?
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pinocytotic vesicles
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What are some histological markers of follicular cell hyperplasia?
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columnar cells with little or no colloid
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What are some histological markers of follicular cell atrophy?
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low cuboidal cells
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In which species is hypothyroidism an important problem?
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Dogs
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What is a non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic thyroid enlargement?
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Goiter
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What pathology of the heart is associated with hyperthyroidism in cats?
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Secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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What are some mechanisms (causes) of thyroid hyperplasia?
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Iodine deficiency
Excess iodide Defects in thyroglobulin or hormone synthesis Goitrogenic compounds |
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Atherosclerosis is linked with which endocrinopathy?
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Hypothyroid
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What is a (typically) benign and inactive incidental finding in the thyroid of old animals?
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Multifocal nodular hyperplasia
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Contrast follicular cell carcinomas and adenomas on palpation.
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Carcinomas are fixed
Adenomas are movable |
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where are the dopaminergic cells of the brainstem reticular formation?
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substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
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Which hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells? What is the function of this hormone?
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Calcitonin; increases Ca deposition, decreases Ca uptake and resorption
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What are the activities of PTH on Ca and P?
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Ca (increase mobilization of bone Ca, increase Ca uptake in intestines, increase Ca resorption in kidneys)
P (decrease resorption of P in kidneys) |
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What hormone is responsible for activating vitamin D?
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PTH
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What are the remnants of the ducts connecting parathyroid to the thymic primordia called? In which species do they commonly occur?
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...Parathyroid (Kursteiner's) cysts; occurs frequently in dogs
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Which is more prevalent, hypo or hyperparathyroidism?
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Hyperparathyroidism
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What disease process causes hypoparathyroidism?
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Lymphocytic parathyroiditis (immune mediated)
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What are major causes for primary hyperparathyroidism?
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Chief cell neoplasms
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What are major causes for secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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Nutritional imbalances (low Ca, high P);
Renal disease |
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What is the most common neoplasm associated with hypercalcemia in dogs and cats?
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Lymphosarcoma (secreting PTH-like hormone)
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T or F:
Parturient hypocalcemia can be prevented by increasing the dam's dietary intake of Ca before parturition. |
False!
Lower Ca diets help prevent inactivation of parathyroid glands. |
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What are the major endocrine cells of the pancreas and what do they excrete?
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Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta - insulin Delta - somatostatin Gamma - gastrin F or PP - pancreatic polypeptide |
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What are causes of diabetes mellitus in young dogs?
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Immune-mediated isletitis
Idiopathic atrophy of pancreas Hypoplasia of the islets Chronic pancreatitis |
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Islet amyloidosis is common in which species?
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Cats, humans, and nonhuman primates
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What are some sequelae to ORGANS seen with diabetes mellitis?
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Hepatomegaly (lipid accumulation and cirrhosis)
Cataracts Chronic renal dz |
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Which species commonly develop beta cell adenomas or carcinomas?
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Dogs (5-12yr)
older cattle ferrets |
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Which is more common in the dog, beta cell adenomas or carcinomas?
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B cell carcinomas
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Besides insulin, what other secretion is common in islet cell neoplasms?
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Gastrin
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Heart base tumors are generally neoplasms of which endocrine organs?
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Chemoreceptor organs (carotid body or aortic body)
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5-10% of heart base neoplasms in dogs are derived from what tissue?
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Ectopic thyroid gland tissue
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