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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classes of Hormones
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Amino Acid Derived
Polypeptides Steroids |
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Epinephrine
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Amino Acid Derived Hormone
Made in Adrenal Medulla |
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Norepinephrine
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Amino Acid Derived Hormone
Made in Adrenal Medulla |
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Dopamine
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Amino Acid Derived Hormone
Made in the Hypothalamus |
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Thyroid Hormone
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Amino Acid Derived Hormone
Made in the Thyroid |
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Insulin
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Polypeptide Hormone
Made in the Pancreas |
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Growth Hormone
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Polypeptide Hormone
Made in the Anterior Pituitary Gland Targets: -Liver and other cells -Many organs and tissues --protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism |
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Oxytocin
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Polypeptide Hormone
Made in the Posterior Pituitary Gland -release of milk in mammals -contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells -helps child birth |
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Vasopressin
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Polypeptide Hormone
Made in Posterior Pituitary Gland -polypeptide that acts on smooth muscle and blood cells -increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction -reabsorbs H2O from urine in kidneys |
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Cortisol
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Steroid Hormone
"Glycocorticoid" Made in Adrenal Cortex |
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Potentiate
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Hormones can help other hormones
(power, effect, likelihood) |
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Aldosterone
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Steroid Hormone
Involved in Na+ - K+ balance "mineralocorticoid" reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney conservation of sodium secretion of potassium increased water retention increased blood pressure |
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Progestins
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Group of Steroid Hormones
-Progesterone (Made in Ovaries and Adrenal Cortex) |
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Estrogens
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Group of Steroid Hormones
-Estradiol (Made in Ovaries) |
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Androgens
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Group of Hormones
-Testosterone (Made in Testes) |
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1,25 Dihydroxylcholecalciferol
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Made out of Vitamin D
aka "1,25 Dihydroxyl D" Kidneys: Add OH- Liver: Add OH- |
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Parathyroid Hormone
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Polypeptide Hormone
Produced by Parathyroid Glands Increases extra cellular calcium concentration 1. Directly increases the reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts (causes calcium to move from bone int extracellular fluid) 2. Directly stimulates the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which increases internal absorption of calcium 3. Directly increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys 4. Directly reduces urinary calcium excretion |
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Vitamin D Deficiency
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1,25 Dihydroxyl D goes down
PTH goes up Not enough calcium |
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Essential Hormones for Life
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Cortisol
Aldesterone 1,25 Dihydroxyl D (sorta) PTH |
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Diuresis
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Excess urine production
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Natriuresis
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Excess urine production due to Na+
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_________ gland secretions enter ducts, whereas hormones secreted by ___________ (ductless) glands diffuse directly into the blood.
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exocrine, endocrine
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Medulla
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Secretes Epinepherine and Norepinephrine
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Cortex
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Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis |
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Zona Glomerulosa
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Secretes Aldosterone
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Zona Fasciculata
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Secretes Cortisol and Androgens
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Zona Reticularis
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Secretes Cortisol and Androgens
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Adrenal Gland
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Made up of Medulla and Cortex
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Thyroid Hormone, Epinephrine, and Fatty Acid release
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Separate, they both release very little fatty acids
Together, they released a lot of fatty acids |
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Inputs that act directly on endocrine gland cells to stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion
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Ions or Nutrients
Neurotransmitters Hormones |
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Infundibulum
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A stalk containing nerve fibers that connects the Pituitary Gland to the Hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland
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Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary |
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Median Eminence
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The capillaries at the junction of the hypothalamus
and infundibulum |
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Two Posterior Hormones
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Oxytocin
Vasopressin |
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Anti-Diueretic Hormone
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-prevents water loss
-type of Vasopressin |
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Neurohormones
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-Hormones secreted by neurons
-Hypophysiotrophic - produced by the hypothalamus |
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Six Classical Anterior Pituitary Hormones
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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FSH
LH |
Targets Gonads
Involved in germ cell development Secretes hormones -Female, Estradiol, Progesterone -Male, Testosterone |
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TSH
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Targets Thyroid
-Secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine |
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Prolactin
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Targets Breasts
-Breast development and milk production (in males may facilitate reproductive function) |
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ACTH
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Targets Adrenal Cortex
-Secretes cortisol |
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Hypophysiotropic Hormones and Anterior Pituitary Hormones
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Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypophysiotropic hormones released by hypothalamic neurons and reaching the anterior pituitary by way of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels
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Hypophysiotropic Hormones
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Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Somatostatin (SS) Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) Dopamine (DA) Carticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) |
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GnRH
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Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
(Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone) |
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GHRH
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Stimulates secretion of GH
(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) |
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SS
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Inhibits secretion of GH
(Somatostatin) |
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TRH
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Stimulates secretion of TSH
(Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone) |
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DA
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Inhibits secretion of Prolactin
(Dopamine) |
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CRH
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Stimulates secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin-releasing Hormone) |
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Short-loop and long-loop feedbacks.
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Long-loop feedback is exerted on the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary by the third hormone in the sequence.
Short-loop feedback is exerted by the anterior pituitary hormone on the hypothalamus. |
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Thyroid Gland
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Produces two iodine containing molecules of physiological importance
1. Thyroxine (T4 - 4 iodines) 2. Triiodothyronine (T3 - 3 iodines) Located in neck |
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Steps involved in T3 and T4 formation
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1. Iodine is cotransported with Na+ into follicle cell
2. Diffusion through follicle cell 3. Iodide is oxidized and attached to rings of tyrosines in thyroglobuin (TG) 4. The iodinated ring of one MIT or DIT is added to a DIT at another spot 5. Endocytosis of thyroglobulin containing T3 and T4 molecules 6. Lysosomal enzymes release T3 and T4 from TG 7. T3 and T4 secretion |
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T3 and T4 inhibit secretion of...
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...TSH and TRH by negative feedback.
T4 turned into T3 in process |
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Puberty
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Increase in GH ---> Increase in IGF-1 ---> Linear Growth of Bone Tissue
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Growth Hormone Metabolic Actions
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-Increase Glucose in blood (hepatic gluconeogenesis)
-Stimulates lipolysis in odipocytes: glycerol and FFA's -Decrease cellular sensitivity to Insulin -Anabolic in most organs (stimulates protein synthesis) |
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Too little GH
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"short stature"
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Excess GH
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"pituitary gigantism"
"acromegaly" |
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Acromegaly
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is a syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty. A number of disorders may increase the pituitary's GH output, although most commonly it involves a GH-producing tumor called pituitary adenoma
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insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)
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the secretion of which is independent of growth hormone, is also a crucial mitogen during
the prenatal period. It continues to be secreted throughout life, but its postnatal function is not known |
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Hyper Thyroidism
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When thyroid makes too much thyroid hormone
Caused by Graves Disease -plasma contains antibodies that stimulate TSH receptor -increases TH production -Goiter Treated with drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors to alleviate alleviate anxiety, nervousness, and racing heart, associated with excessive sympathetic activity Heat intolerance, weight loss, increased appetite, increased sympathetic nervous system activity Radiation treatment (iodine) , removal of thyroid gland, |
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Graves Disease
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The body's natural defense (immune) system attacks the thyroid gland. The thyroid fights back by making too much thyroid hormone.
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Hypo Thyroidism
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When thyroid makes too little thyroid hormone
Most commonly caused by Hashimoto's Disease Also iodine deficiency Can cause Goiter, weight gain, sensitivity to cold |
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Hashimoto's Disease
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Cells of the immune system called T-cells attack and destroy Thyroid tissue. TH decreases, TSH levels increase due to decreased negative feedback, and goiter develops.
Primarily affects women (9/1, fem/male) Can be treated with T4 supplements |
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Cretinism
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Iodine deficiency in mother. Results in absence of TH during pregnancy which leads to poor nervous system development and mental retardation
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Iodine Deficiency
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Synthesis of TH compromised
Decrease in plasma level of these hormones Negative feedback on hypothalamus TRH levels become chronically elevated Goiter |
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Stress
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Can cause
Atherosclerosis - accumulation of plaques in arteries Hypertension - high blood pressure Osteoporosis - loss of bone mass Immunosuppresion - may lead to cancer |
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Adrenal Insufficiency
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Lower cortisol levels than normal
Weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite |
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Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
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Due to loss of adrenal cortical function
Can be caused by Tuberculosis which infiltrates adrenal glands and destroys them Most commonly due to autoimmune attack |
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Addison's Disease
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form of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
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Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
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Due to deficiency of ACTH
May arise from pituitary disease |
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Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's Disease |
excess cortisol in the blood
excess cortisol in blood due to ACTH secreting tumor of the pituitary gland |
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Leron Dwarfism
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causes the growth hormone receptor to fail to respond to growth hormone
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1,25-(OH)2D
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active form of Vitamin D
stimulates reabsorption of calcium |
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Parathyroid Hormone stimulates activity of 1-Hydroxylase which turns 25-OH D into 1,25-(OH)2D which causes absorption of calcium into blood
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Parathyroid Hormone stimulates activity of 1-Hydroxylase which turns 25-OH D into 1,25-(OH)2D which causes absorption of calcium into blood
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Functions of Cortisol
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Increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis Suppress the immune system
Aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism |
