Sys Path - Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory Epithelium

Back 1

-nares to pharynx: stratified squamous
-nasal sinus to secondary bronchioles: ciliated columnar to cuboidal
-terminal bronchioles: non-ciliated cuboidal and clara cells

Front 2

Type I pneumocyte
-function

Back 2

-mature alveolar lining cells

Front 3

Type II Pneumocyte
-function

Back 3

-Type I progenitors that produce surfactant and other substances, and act as APCs

Front 4

Cilia
-function

Back 4

-along with mucus, they trap debris and move it out of the respiratory tract

Front 5

Clara cells
-function

Back 5

-line terminal bronchioles
-contain mixed function oxidases to detoxify foreign substances

Front 6

Alveolar macrophages
-function

Back 6

-remove particle that become trapped in the broncho-alveolar region

Front 7

Respiratory system
-functional processes

Back 7

-gas exchange
-olfaction and vocalization
-biotransformation of xenobiotics
-metabolism of biologically active substances

Front 8

Mucociliary Apparatus
-functional area

Back 8

-upper respiratory tract to the secondary bronchioles

Front 9

Heart failure cells
-definition

Back 9

-alveolar macrophages that have phagocytosed erythrocytes which have leaked into alveoli due to pulmonary congestion secondary to heart failure
-have brown cytoplasm due to accumulation of hemosiderin

Front 10

Bronchiectasis
-definition

Back 10

-permanent dilatation of a bronchus with rupture of the bronchial wall as a result of obstruction or chronic inflammation

Front 11

Bronchiectasis
-significance

Back 11

-interferes with air flow and mucociliary function

Front 12

Bronchiectasis
-pathogenesis

Back 12

-sequela to chronic remodeling of the bronchi
-proteolytic enzymes and oxygen radicals from phagocytic cells during chronic inflammation degrade and weaken the smooth muscle and cartilage that maintain normal bronchial diameter

Front 13

Bronchiolitis obliterans
-defintion

Back 13

-bronchioles become obliterated in chronic inflammation causing complete blockage and fibrosis of the bronchiole lumen with subsequent atelectasis of the dependent lung lobe
-polyp-like lesions form on the bronchiolar walls

Front 14

Bronchopneumonia
-morphology

Back 14

-irregular or multilobular distribution
-lobules dark red to grey and firm
-oldest lesions near the centers of the foci
-Cranioventral lung lobes affected

Front 15

Bronchopneumonia
-pathogenesis

Back 15

-bronchiolar epithelial damage due to viral infection
-dysfunction of mucociliary apparatus
-decreased clearance of bacteria
-bacteria colonize
-hyperemia and alveolar edema
-fibrinogen leaks into alveoli
-neutrophils move into alveoli
-inflammatory exudate can plug the airways
-inflammation spreads either between the alveoli through the pores of Kohn or via the airways

Front 16

Lobar pneumonia
-morphology

Back 16

-cranioventral regions effected
-thickened interlobular septae
-involves large regional portions of the lung
-parenchyma goes from grey (fibrin) --> red-black (necrosis and erythrocytes)

Front 17

Lobar pneumonia
-pathogenesis

Back 17

-inciting agent arrives by aerosol (Mannheimia haemolytica)
-inflammation originates at bronchoalveolar junction
-exudation of serofibrinous fluid filling the alveoli
-thrombosis in lymphatics and capillaries
-rapid spread of inflammation through pores of Kohn and interlobular septae
-serofibrinous fluid becomes fibrinocellular (neutrophils and macrophages)

Front 18

Interstitial Pneumonia
-morphology

Back 18

-dorsocaudal distenstion
-rubbery, pale-gray parenchyma
-possible emphysema
-alveolar fibrosis in chronic cases

Front 19

Interstitial pneumonia
-pathogenesis

Back 19

-damage of alveolar walls and interstitium, not alveoli
-blood-bourne (damages endothelium) or aerogenous (damages Type I pneumocytes)
-all alveoli damaged concurrently
-leakage of serofibrinous fluid w/ neutrophils into alveolar walls and lumens
-hyaline membrane formation
-damaged alveoli begin to heal after several days
-Types II pneumocyte hyperplasia causes alveolar wall thickening
-persistent injury will damage basement membranes and cause permanent alveolar damage--> fibrosis

Front 20

Unilateral bronchopneumonia
-caused by

Back 20

-Trueperella pyogenes
-Pasturella multocida
-Strep. sp.
-Rhodococcus.

Front 21

Unilateral bronchopneumonia
-pathogenesis

Back 21

-Sequela to sequestra in lobular and lobar pneumonia (encapsulated necrotic foci form abcesses)
-Hematogenoua septic alveoli (initiate embolic pneumonia, form discrete abscesses)
-Traumatic penetration of the lung (Hardware dz. in cattle)

Front 22

Bronchopneumonia
-causes

Back 22

-Pasteurella sp. (ruminants)
-Trueperella pyogenes (ruminants)
-Haemophilus sp. (pigs)
-Streptococcus sp. (horses)
-Rhodococcus equi (horses)
-Bordetella bronchiseptica (dogs)
-Pasteurella multocida (cats)

Front 23

Interstitial pneumonia
-causes

Back 23

-blood borne: endotoxin, uremia, metabolic toxin, paraquat (dogs)
-aerogenous: virus, hypersensitivity, toxic gas, oxygen

Front 24

Granulomatous pneumonia
-causes

Back 24

Systemic fungi:
-Histoplasma capsulatum
-Blastomyces dermatidis
-Coccidioides immitis

Bacteria:
-Mycobacterium sp.

Front 25

Pleuritis Pathogeneses
-types

Back 25

-Extension of pneumonia
-Traumatic penetration of the thorax
-Hematogenous

Front 26

Most common cause of pleuritis

Back 26

-extension of pneumonia

Front 27

Pleuritis
-lesions

Back 27

-fibrinopurulent with strands of fibrin on the pleura
-may have pyothorax with severe cases (pyogranulomatous pleuritis)

Front 28

Atelectasis
-defintion

Back 28

-incomplete expansion of the lung

Front 29

Atelectasis
-methods it can occur

Back 29

-Congenital atelectasis
-acquired atelectasis (compressive, obstructive, absorptive)

Front 30

Congenital atelectasis
-defintion

Back 30

-neonatal lungs are not expanded by air and remain filled with fluid

Front 31

Compressive atelectasis
-definition

Back 31

-external pressure (hydrothorax, pyothorax, pneumothorax, neoplasms, abcesses, recumbency) compresses the lungs

Front 32

Obstructive atelectasis
-definition

Back 32

-an airway is obstructed, preventing air from reaching dependent lung parenchyma (inflammatory exudate, foreign material, chronic bronchiolitis)

Front 33

Absorptive atelectasis
-definition

Back 33

-animals being maintained on 100% oxygen

Front 34

Atelectasis
-gross appearance

Back 34

-dark, red, firm , collapsed

Front 35

Atelectasis
-histological appearance

Back 35

-loss of normal lung structure
-collapsed/compressed airways

Front 36

Emphysema
-types

Back 36

-alveolar emphysema
-interstitial emphysema

Front 37

Alveolar emphysema
-characterized by

Back 37

-distention and occasional rupture of alveoli

Front 38

Alveolar emphysema
-cause

Back 38

-secondary to increased pressure in alveoli during expiration due to partial airway obstruction

Front 39

Interstitial emphysema
-characterized by

Back 39

-distension of interlobular septae

Front 40

Interstitial emphysema
-cause

Back 40

-forced expiration and subsequent increased intra-alveolar pressure that forces air into interstitial tissues

Front 41

Interstitial emphysema
-species occurs in

Back 41

-pigs
-cattle
-sheep

All have well developed interlobular septae

Front 42

Emphysemia
-morphological lesions

Back 42

-enlarged, pale, puffy

Front 43

Why are atelectasis and emphysema considered reversible pulmonary changes?

Back 43

-they are not degenerative changes such as tracheal collapse or laryngeal paralysis, just abnormal lung inflation
-lung can possibly heal with the clearing of the obstruction, pressure or fluid

Front 44

Herpesviral diseases of the nasal cavity

Back 44

-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-Equine rhinopneumonitis
-Feline viral rhinotracheitis

Front 45

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-cause

Back 45

-bovine herpesvirus-1

Front 46

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-pathogenesis

Back 46

-infects upper airway epithelium
-epithelial damage and necrosis --> inflammation

Front 47

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-morphological lesions

Back 47

-fibrinonecrotic rhinotracheitis

Front 48

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-common in

Back 48

-feedlot and dairy cattle

Front 49

Equine rhinopneumonitis
-cause

Back 49

-Equine Herpesvirus-4

Front 50

Equine rhinopneumonitis
-pathogenesis

Back 50

-upper respiratory tract disease causing epithelial damage and subsequent inflammation

Front 51

Equine rhinopneumonitis
-morphological lesions

Back 51

-serous to catarrhal rhinitis

Front 52

Equine rhinopneumonitis
-common in

Back 52

-weanling foals in crowded conditions or after transportation

Front 53

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
-cause

Back 53

-Feline Herpesvirus-1

Front 54

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
-pathogenesis

Back 54

-degeneration and necrosis of upper respiratory epithelium
-can infect bones, nerves, and cause abortion

Front 55

Feline Viral rhinotracheitis
-morphological lesions

Back 55

-serous to fibrinopurulent rhinitis

Front 56

Atrophic Rhinitis of pigs
-3 etiological factors

Back 56

-Pasteurella multocida
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-Cytomegalovirus

Front 57

Atrophic rhinitis of pigs
-pathogenesis

Back 57

-stress and infection from Bordetella or cytomegalovirus enhances the nasal colonization of Pasteurella multocida
-exotoxin from P. multocida causes bone and cartilage degeneration, inflammation, and turbinate atrophy

Front 58

Strangles
-cause

Back 58

-Streptococcus equi

Front 59

Strangles
-morphological features

Back 59

-suppurative lymphadenitis
-pharyngitis
-rhinitis
-empyema

Front 60

Strangles
-pathogenesis

Back 60

-bacteria localize in upper respiratory tract and regional lymph nodes
-supperative inflammation and abscess formation
-abscesses can rupture causing aspiration
-systemic spread causes abscesses in other tissues (bastard strangles)

Front 61

Eustachitis
-definition

Back 61

-inflammation of the gutteral pouches of horses

Front 62

Eustachitis
-causes

Back 62

-Streptococcus sp.
-Aspergillus sp.

Front 63

Eustachitis
-sequelae

Back 63

-dysphagia
-Horner's syndrome
-laryngeal hemiplegia

due to nerve damage from inflammation

Front 64

Calf diphtheria
-cause

Back 64

-Fusobacterium necrophorum

Front 65

Calf diphtheria
-pathogenesis

Back 65

-F. necrophorum colonizes damaged laryngeal mucosa and initiates necrosis and inflammation
-progresses to ulceration and fibrosis

Front 66

Calf diphtheria
-morphological lesions

Back 66

-fibrinonecrotic, ulcerative laryngitis --> fibrosis

Front 67

Calf diphtheria
-sequelae

Back 67

-pneumonia (aspiration of exudate)
-brain or pituitary abcesses (embolism)
-halitosis

Front 68

Kennel Cough
-etiology

Back 68

Multiple agents
-canine adenovirus-2
-type 2 parainfluenza virus
-Bordetella bronchiseptica

Front 69

Kennel cough
-aka

Back 69

-Infectious tracheobronchitis

Front 70

Kennel cough
-pathogenesis

Back 70

-dogs mixed from various sources or crowded
-viruses damage tracheobronchial epithelium
-Bordetella adhere to cilia
-ciliostasis and neutrophilic exudation result

Front 71

Kennel cough
-morphological lesions

Back 71

-catarrhal tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis (virus)
-mucopurulent tracheobronchitis (Bordetella)

Front 72

Kennel cough
-recovery

Back 72

-spontaneous in 1-3 wks

Front 73

Swine Influenza virus
-cause

Back 73

- Type A Orthomyxovirus

Front 74

Swine influenza virus
-pathogenesis

Back 74

-infection following stress
-degeneration and necrosis of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium
-debris plugs airways and causes focal atelectasis
-can spread to alveolar epithelium and cause serofibrinous alveolitis

Front 75

Swine influenza virus
-zoonotic significance

Back 75

-circulation of antigenic subtypes between swine and humans

Front 76

Influenza virus infection
-typical morphological features

Back 76

-mucopurulent rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis/bronchiolitis
-epithelial necrosis
-atelectasis
-can extend into parenchyma

Front 77

Canine distemper virus of the lung
-cause

Back 77

-Paramyxovirus

Front 78

Canine distemper virus of the lung
-pathogenesis

Back 78

-viremia with virus dissemination to multiple tissues resulting in epithelial necrosis

Front 79

Canine distemper virus of the lung
-morphological lesions

Back 79

-serous to catarrhal nasopharyngitis with interstitial pneumonia
-bronchopneumonia with secondary bacterial infection

Front 80

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
-aka

Back 80

-Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
-ABPEE

Front 81

ABPEE
-causes

Back 81

Pneumotoxins
-change from dry to lush pasture
-ingestion of moldy sweet potato, purple mint, rapeseed, kale

Front 82

ABPEE
-pathogenesis

Back 82

-excessive L-tryptophan converted to methylindole
-biotransformed into pneumotoxins by Clara cells
-necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium and Type I pneumocytes
-resultant interstitial hyperplasia and Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia

Front 83

ABPEE
-morphological lesions

Back 83

-interstitial pneumonia
-interlobular edema and emphysema

Front 84

Upper respiratory tract disease in cats
-most common causes

Back 84

-Feline calicivirus
-Feline herpesvirus

Front 85

Feline calicivirus
-morphology

Back 85

-oral ulcers
-bronchiolitis
-interstitial pneumonia

Front 86

Feline herpesvirus
-morphology

Back 86

-serous to fibrinopurulent rhinitis with erosions and ulcers
-oral ulceration rare*

Front 87

Cattle pneumonia
-bacterial causes
-viral causes

Back 87

Bacterial causes:
-Manheimia haemolytica
-Pasteurella multocida
-Histophilus somni
-Trueperella pyogenes

Viral causes:
-parainfluenza-3
-BHV-1
-Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Front 88

Cattle pneumonia
-how do the bacterial and viral agents interact with eachother

Back 88

-stress and viral infections will predispose for colonization by bacteria (secondary infection)

Front 89

Pig pneumonia
-bacterial causes

Back 89

-Pasteurella multocida
-Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Front 90

Pig pneumonia caused by P. multocida

Back 90

-Porcine pneumonic pasteurellosis

Front 91

Porcine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
-morphological lesions

Back 91

-fibrinous to fibrinonecrotic lobar bronchopneumonia
-abcesses (chronic)

Front 92

Pig pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Back 92

-Porcine Contagious pleuropneumonia

Front 93

Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia
-morphology

Back 93

-dorsocaudal fibrinonecrotic to hemorrhagic lobar bronchopneumonia
-fibrinous pleuritis and vasculitis

Front 94

Rhodococcus equi
-morphological features

Back 94

-multiple sized foci of pyogranulomatous inflammation
-encapsulation by fibrous tissue
pyogranulomatous colitis and colonic lymphadenitis

Front 95

Trans-boundary disease of ruminants that can look similar to Mannheimia haemolytica infection in ruminants

Back 95

-Enzootic pneumonia

Front 96

Respiratory tuberculosis
-cause

Back 96

-Mycobacterium bovis

Front 97

Respiratory tuberculosis
-pathogenesis

Back 97

-inhaled bacilli initiate cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions at bronchoalveolar junctions--> granuloma formation

Front 98

Respiratory tuberculosis
-morphology in cattle vs. sheep

Back 98

-single/multiple tubercles
-tubercles can erode bronchioles to spread to other parts of lung
-Sheep tubercles more calcified than cattle

Front 99

Histoplasmosis
-cause

Back 99

-histoplasmosis capsulatum

Front 100

Histoplasmosis
-pathogenesis

Back 100

-inhale fungal spores
-replicate in lungs
-granulomatous inflammation and cell mediated imuune response
-can spread hematogenously to other tissues (liver, spleen, intestine, lymph nodes)

Front 101

Histoplasmosis
-morphology

Back 101

-multifocal grey-white non-caseating nodules

Front 102

Ovine Progressive pneumonia
-aka

Back 102

-Maedi

Front 103

Ovine Progressive pneumonia
-cause

Back 103

-lentivirus

Front 104

Ovine progressive pneumonia
-morphology

Back 104

-heavy, rubbery, grey-tan lungs that do not collapse
-lymphofollicular proliferation in the perivascular and peribronchial regions
-smooth muscle hyperplasia
-interstitial fibrosis

Front 105

Ovine Progressive pneumonia
-outcome

Back 105

-death following progressive deterioration and respiratory distress

Front 106

Pulmonary carcinomatosis
-cause

Back 106

-A lentivirus

Front 107

Pulmonary carcinomatosis
-morphology

Back 107

-bronchioalveolar papillary adenoma with fibrosis
-fibroplasia

Front 108

Pulmonary carcinomatosis
-outcome

Back 108

-death within several months
-signs not apparent for months

Front 109

Most common pathogenesis of pleuritis/pyothorax in dogs

Back 109

-bacteria (actinomyces sp.) enters the thoracic cavity via trauma or foreign body (grass awn)

Front 110

Pleuritis/Pyothorax in dogs
-cause

Back 110

-Actinomyces sp