Sys Path - Reproduction

Front 1

2 Main cell types in male reproduction system development

Back 1

-sertoli cells
-leydig cells

Front 2

Sertoli cells
-function in male reproductive system development

Back 2

Produce mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS):
-inhibit mullerian duct
&
-testicular migration (abdominal)

Front 3

Leydig Cells
-function in male reproductive system develpment

Back 3

-produce testosterone
-conversion to dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase

leads to:
-wolffian duct development
&
-testicular migration (inguino-scrotal)

Front 4

Female reproductive system development
-what hormones are absent

Back 4

-MIS
-androgens

Front 5

SRY
-define

Back 5

-codes for SRY gene product on the Y-chromosome
-initiates male sex determination
-testis determining factor leading to the development of sertoli cells and leydig cells
-default to female reproductive tract development without gene

Front 6

MIS
-define

Back 6

-Mullerian Inhibitory substance
-inhibits the formation of mullerian ducts in males and is involved in testicular migration in the abdominal cavity
-produced by sertoli cells

Front 7

Dihydrotestosterone
-define

Back 7

-hormone produced from testosterone by 5alpha-reductase
-allows for wolfian duct development and inguno-scrotal testicular migration

-testosterone originally produced by the Leydig cells

Front 8

Testes
-function

Back 8

-production, transport, and delivery of functional sperm
-provide supporting medium for sperm survival

Front 9

True hermaphrodite vs. Pseudohermaphrodite
-definition

Back 9

-true hermaphrodite: animal with both male and female gonadal tissue in any configuration

-pseudohermaphrodite: animals that are clearly male or female with regard to chromosomes and gonads, but their reproductive tract and genitalia have ambiguous phenotypic appearance

Front 10

Reason hermaphrodites occur

Back 10

-male-female chimera

Front 11

True hermaphrodite
-types

Back 11

-bilateral ovitestis: mixed gonad with a central seminiferous tubule surrounded by developing ovarian follicles
-unilateral ovitestis with a contralateral ovary/testicle
-unilateral ovary with a contralateral testicle

Front 12

Male pseudohermaphrodite
-causes

Back 12

-persistent mullerian duct syndrom due to a disorder of MIS production/function
-Deficiency of 5alpha-reductase --> inadequate dihydrotestosterone
-Androgen receptor defects: gene encoding androgen receptor is on the X-chromosome --> mutation causes complete androgen insensitivity --> inguino-scrotal migration is defective

Front 13

Female pseudohermaphrodite
-causes

Back 13

-masculinization of the female fetus by sex steroid hormones given during pregnancy or shortly before conception
-Androgenital syndrome: defect in one of the enzymes that is responsible for cortisone production --> no cortisone mediated feedback inhibition of ACTH --> cortisol precursors accumulate from excess ACTH --> precursors converted to androgens instead of cortisol

Front 14

Sex-reversal
-define

Back 14

-the gonad is not the type corresponding to the chromosomal make-up of the animal

Front 15

XY female
-cause

Back 15

-deletion in the testis-determining region of the Y-chromosome --> hypogonadism with no secondary sexual characteristics

Front 16

XX male
-cause

Back 16

-Y-defect: the Sry gene is present on the X-chromosome or autosome instead of the Y-chromosome

Front 17

Testicular hypoplasia
-difficult to distinguish from

Back 17

-immaturity
-atrophy
-degeneration

-Need an appropriate history

Front 18

Testicular hypoplasia
-causes

Back 18

-In utero transplacental infection or intoxication
-zinc deficiency
-endocrine deficiency of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal pathway
-Cryporchidism
-mammalian hybrids (need to pair homologous chromosomes)
-chromosomal abnormalities (XXY)

Front 19

Testicular Atrophy
-describe

Back 19

-testes are small, fibrotic, occasionally mineralized
-spermatogenesis decreases and seminiferous tubules collapse

Front 20

Testicular atrophy
-causes

Back 20

-local or systemic infection (brucellosis, peritonitis)
-nutritional deficiency (vitamin A, zinc)
-chemical substance (naphthalenes, carbamates)
-Toxic plants (ergot alkaloids --> vasoconstricition --> degeneration and ischemic necrosis)
-Circulatory disturbance (spermatic cord torsion)
-Epididymal obstruction
-Humoral imbalance due to primary or sertoli cell tumor
-High temperature

Front 21

Cryptorchidism
-define

Back 21

-incomplete descent of the testes into the scrotum

Front 22

Cryptorchidism
-explain how the condition is inherited

Back 22

-autosomal recessive trait in most animals except horses (autosomal recessive)
-usually unilateral and result in decreased fertility

Front 23

Cryptorchidism
-pathogenesis

Back 23

hormonal abnormalities during development
-suboptimal hormone levels or functions of the hormones --> cryptochidism

Front 24

Cryptorchidism
-retained testicle predisposes for

Back 24

-neoplasia

Front 25

Orchitis
-define

Back 25

-interstitial

Front 26

Orchitis
-causes

Back 26

-interstitial, intratubular, necrotizing
-brucellosis
-infectious agents

Front 27

Important cause of orchitis
-in what animals?
-morphology
-sequelae

Back 27

Important cause: brucellosis

-Bulls
-acute, necrosuppurative, irreversible
-sequelae: epididymitis

Front 28

Orchitis
-microorganismal causes

Back 28

Bacteria:
-Arcanobacter pyogenes
-Salmonella
-E. coli
-Pseudomonas

Viruses:
-Bluetongue
-lumpy skin disease virus
-Canine distemper
-EIA

Front 29

Neoplasia of the testis
-most common in

Back 29

-old dogs

Front 30

Neoplasia of the testis
-tumors arrive from

Back 30

-Leydig cells (interstitial)
-Sertoli cells
-Germinal epithelium

Front 31

Common neoplasms of the testes

Back 31

-Leydig Cell tumor
-sertoli cell tumor
-seminoma
-teratoma

Front 32

Leydig cell tumor
-morphology

Back 32

-single/multiple
-unilateral/bilateral
-yellow, well demarcated, bulging
-concurrent hemorrhage, cysts, and atrophy of adjacent seminiferous tubules

Front 33

Leydig cell tumor
-prognosis

Back 33

-good

-slow growing, non-invasive
-rare metastasis

Front 34

Leydig Cell Tumor
-paraneoplastic syndrome

Back 34

-excess androgen and estrogen hormones
-bilaterally symmetrical alopecia
-diffuse prostatic hyperplasia (sequelae: UTI and supperative prostatitis)

Front 35

Sertoli cell tumor
-morphology

Back 35

-arise from nurse or sustentacular cells
-single
-irregular to lobulated
-variable size
-white, firm (sometimes discolored and cystic)
-contain stroma

Front 36

Sertoli cell tumor
-prognosis

Back 36

-good

-rare metastasis
-can extend locally to the testicular vein and lymphatics

Front 37

Sertoli cell tumor
-paraneoplastic syndrome

Back 37

-excess estrogen production ---> feminization
-bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and fat redistribution
-testicular/penis atrophy
-mammary development
-prostatic hyperplasia

Front 38

Seminoma
-morphology

Back 38

-arise from germinal epithelium of the testis
-large, white/grey, coarse lobulation

Front 39

Seminoma
-prognosis

Back 39

-good
-not recognized until large
-occasional metastasis (more frequent than other neoplasms)

Front 40

Teratoma
-morphology

Back 40

-arise from a single germ cell that has only completed 1 meiotic division
-seen in horses
-usually represent 2/3 embryonic lines (hair, nervous tissue, adipose tissue, bone, teeth, etc.)

Front 41

Teratoma
-prognosis

Back 41

-good
-usually well differentiated and benign

Front 42

Malformations of the penis and prepuce

Back 42

-penile and preputial hypoplasia (early castration)
-penile deviation (persistent frenulum)
-abnormal opening of the urethra (hypospadia and epispadia)
-phimosis/paraphimosis (inability to extend/retract penis)

Front 43

Balanoposthitis
-definition

Back 43

-inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce

Front 44

Balanoposthitis
-bacterial causes

Back 44

Ulcerative posthitis common in Rams and Bucks
-Corynebacterium renale (urease producing)

Front 45

Balanoposthitis
-viral causes

Back 45

Herpes virus
-bovine herpes virus (mucosal necrosis and ulceration)
-canine herpes virus (mucosal hemorrhage and formation of lymphoid nodules)
-Caprine, Equine, Porcine herpes virus

Front 46

Balanoposthitis
-protozoal causes

Back 46

-Trypanosoma equiperdum
-Strongyloides papillosus
-Cutaneous habronema
-Tritrichomonas foetus

Front 47

Neoplasms of the Penis and prepuce

Back 47

-fibropapilloma
-transmissible venereal tumor

Front 48

Fibropapilloma
-causes

Back 48

-Bovine Papilloma virus Type-2
-Canine Papilloma virus

Front 49

Fibropapilloma
-tissue affected

Back 49

-glans penis

Front 50

Fibropapilloma
-lesions

Back 50

-bulls = epithelial with little stroma
-cows = stroma with little epithelium
-ulceration, necrosis, hemorrhage

Front 51

Fibropapilloma
-sequela

Back 51

-phimosis/paraphimosis
-surface ulceration following necrosis and trauma

Front 52

Transmissible Venereal Tumor
-causes

Back 52

-chromosomal abnormality (decrease in normal # of chromosomes)

Front 53

Transmissible Venereal Tumor
-tissue affected

Back 53

-Penis and prepuce of dogs

Front 54

Transmissible Venereal tumor
-lesiosn

Back 54

-single/multiple
-nodular/papillary
-ulcerated and friable
-appears as a round cell tumor

Front 55

Transmissible Venereal Tumor
-sequelae

Back 55

-can metastasize to other organs
-skin and subcutis in the face

Front 56

Prostatic hyperplasia
-common in

Back 56

-old, intact dogs

Front 57

Prostatic hyperplasia
-pathogenesis

Back 57

-imbalance of the androgen-estrogen ratio
-high testosterone promotes hyperplasia
-estrogen acts with androgens to promote hyperplasia

Front 58

Causes for high estrogen levels in males

Back 58

-Sertoli cell neoplasia
-estrogen administration
-castrated male sheep grazing in clover (Trifolium spp.)

Front 59

Prostatic hyperplasia
-signs

Back 59

-constipation
-interference with micturition

Front 60

Therapeutic cure to high testosterone levels

Back 60

-castration

Front 61

Prostate neoplasia
-what is it accompanied by

Back 61

-prostatitis

Front 62

Prostatic neoplasia
-spp common in

Back 62

-dogs

Front 63

Prostatic neoplasia
-progression

Back 63

Dependent on plasma testosterone levels
-metastasize to regional LNs, viscera, and bones
-signs associated with prostatic disease
-hind limb locomotor disturbances (metastasis to lumbosacral vetebrae)

Front 64

Male accessory sex organs

Back 64

-epididymis
-spermatic cord
-prostate
-seminal vesicles

Front 65

Epididymitis
-inflammation of:

Back 65

-epididymis

Front 66

Epidiymitis
-infectious causes
-non-infectious causes

Back 66

Infectious:
-Brucella ovis (Rams)
-Brucella canis (Dogs)
-Arcanobacterium pyogenes (bulls)

Non-infectious:
-trauma
-duct anomalies
-urine reflux

Front 67

Funiculitis
-inflammation of:

Back 67

-Spermatic cord

Front 68

Funiculitis
-infectious causes

Back 68

Infectious:
-wandering strongyle larvae
-open castration

Front 69

Prostatitis
-infectious causes

Back 69

Infectious
-UTI
-Brucella canis

Front 70

Seminal Vesiculitis
-infectious causes
-non-infectious causes

Back 70

Infectious:
-bacteria (B. ovis, A. pyogenes, A. seminis, H. somni)
-viruses (BHV-1)

Front 71

Female Reproductive Tract
-function

Back 71

-produce ova
-transportation to the fertilization site
-maintain embryonic development, fetal growth and maturity

Front 72

Ovarian hypoplasia
-pathogenesis

Back 72

-occurs to to chromosomal abnormalities most common in Swedish Highland Cattle
-occurs bilateralloy but not symmetrically
-ovaries are small and lack follicles/surface scars
-cortical stroma and ova are absent

Front 73

Freemartinism
-defintion

Back 73

-a genetic female born as a co-twin with a male due to a hormonal carry-over

Front 74

Freemartinism
-pathogenesis

Back 74

-placental fusion of twin fetuses allows testosterone from the male to disrupt female development
-testosterone causes the wolffian duct derivatives to remain and the mullerian duct derivatives to be absent
-ovaries may contain seminiferous tubules

Front 75

Cystic Graafian follicle
-pathogenesis

Back 75

-failure of mature follicles to ovulate (no CL formation)
-lack of preovulatory surge of lutenizing hormone
-can occur secondary to intra-uterine infection due to: release of cortisol from endotoxemia causing neg. feedback of the pituitary gland; cortisol inhibition of the synthesis and release of gonadotropin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus

Front 76

Cystic Graafian Follicle
-primary lesions
-secondary lesions

Back 76

Primary lesions:
-cyst formation and regression (dynamic)
-no CL formation

Secondary lesions:
-bone marrow suppression due to hyperestrogenism

Front 77

Cystic Graafian Follicle
-signs

Back 77

-infertility (cows, sows)
-prolongation of the postpartum interval to the first estrus

Front 78

Follicular Cyst
-pathogenesis

Back 78

-ovulation fails to occur so the theca undergoes partial luteinization
-moderate LH present

Front 79

Follicular Cyst
-primary lesions
-secondary lesions

Back 79

primary lesions:
-luteinization of theca cells

secondary lesions:
-uterine edema
-cystic endometrial hyperplasia and intrauterine accumulation of mucus
-vaginal edema
-vulvar edema

Front 80

Follicular cyst
-signs

Back 80

-anestrus
-variable hormonal variation (depends on structural and functional components of the cysts)
-persistent anestrus from progesterone secretion
-persistent estrus if estrogen secreted (nymphomania)

Front 81

Persistent CL
-pathogenesis

Back 81

Luteolysis does not occur postestrus in a cow due to:
-diminished PGF2a release by endometrium from a uterine infection
-Prolonged NSAID treatment ---> dec. PGF2a

Front 82

Persistent CL
-sequelae

Back 82

Due to excess progesterone:
-pseudopregnancy
-cystic endometrial hyperplasia (dogs) --> pyometra

Front 83

Persistent CL
-common in what animals

Back 83

-high milk producers

Front 84

Ovarian neoplasms

Back 84

-surface epithelial tumors
-stromal cell tumors
-germ cell tumors

Front 85

Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumor
-morphology

Back 85

-common in dogs
-papillary cystadenomas/cystadenocarcinomas

Front 86

Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumor
-sequelae

Back 86

-variable hormone secretion --> cystic endometrial hyperplasia
-obstruction of lymphatics by neoplastic cells --> ascites

Front 87

Stromal Cell Tumor
-pathogenesis

Back 87

-most common in mares
-primarily granulosa in origin but also theca
-numerous variables sized cysts with a brown-yellow fluid
-hormone production common

Front 88

Stromal Cell Tumor
-sequelae

Back 88

-testosterone --> anestrus, masculinization
-inc. estrogen/progesterone --> anestrus or persistent/intermittent estrus
-excess inhibin (protein hormone)
-hemorrhage

Front 89

Germ cell tumors
-tyoes

Back 89

-dysgerminoma
-teratoma

Front 90

Uterine Segmental Aplasia
-pathogenesis

Back 90

Can occur at any level of the duct
-failure of the Mullerian duct to make a proper connection with the urogenital sinus ---> persistent hymen and division between the 2 precursor tissues
-the uterus, cervix, and vagina fill with normal secretions, are atonic, and become infected
-Presistent CL occurs because PGF2a cannot reach the ovary

Front 91

Uterine Segmental Aplasia
-most common in

Back 91

-pigs
-cattle

Front 92

Uterine Torsion
-morphology

Back 92

-gravid or fluid filled uterus

Front 93

Uterine torsion
-sequelae

Back 93

-dystocia
-congestion, edema, hemorrhage
-fetal death, mummification, maceration
-friable uterus

Front 94

Uterine Prolapse
-morphology

Back 94

structures that are prolapsed could include:
-previously pregnant horn
-all of the uterus
-urinary bladder
-small intestine

Front 95

Uterine Prolapse
-causes

Back 95

-dystocia
-retained placenta
-post parturient hypocalcemia
-ingestion of estrogenic plants

Front 96

Uterine prolapse
-sequelae

Back 96

-vascular compromise
-shock
-trauma
-infection

Front 97

Uterine Rupture
-causes

Back 97

-obstetrical complications
-manipulations

Front 98

Uterine Rupture
-sequelae

Back 98

-hemorrhage
-peritonitis
-displacement of placental membranes into the abdomen

Front 99

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
-predisposing causes

Back 99

small ruminants and sows:
-excessive and prolonged estrogen stimulation (cow = ovarian tumor, ewe and sow = estrogenic plants)

Dogs & Cats:
-prolonged elevation of progesterone (presistent CL, adrenal, or iatrogenic)

Front 100

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
-lesions

Back 100

-endometrial thickening
-edema
-glandular ectasia
-cyst formation

Front 101

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
-sequelae

Back 101

-hydrometra
-mucometra
-adenomyosis in dogs

Front 102

Endometriosis vs. Adenomyosis
-species affected

Back 102

-endometriosis: menstruating primates

-adenomyosis: dogs

Front 103

Endometriosis vs. Adenomyosis
-morphology

Back 103

-endometriosis: actively growing endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations (ovary, mesometrium, peritoneum, peritoneal surgical scars)

-andenomyosis: actively growing endometrial tissue in aberrant sites within the uterus

Front 104

Endometriosis & Adenomyosis
-cause

Back 104

-reflux out of the ovulatory fossa causes implantation of endometrial tissue on the serosal surface of the abdominal cavity (developmental problem)

Front 105

Endometriosis & Adenomyosis
-sequelae

Back 105

-menstrually shed debris in peritoneal cavity and serosal surfaces cause adhesion between organs
-rupture of tissue can cause death in primates

Front 106

Uterine Subinvolution
-define

Back 106

-longer than normal persistence and deeper than normal penetration of trophoblast-like cells in the post-partum uterus

Front 107

Uterine Subinvolution
-gross appearance

Back 107

-multiple, segmental thickenings of the walls of the uterine horns with the luminal surface appearing raised, rough, ragged, with grey-brown plaques

Front 108

Uterine Subinvolution
-sequelae

Back 108

-Endometritis due to lochia (debris discharged from the uterus postparturition) being an excellent medium for bacterial growth

Front 109

Defenses against uterine infections

Back 109

-normal, non-gravid uterus has well developed humoral (IgG, IgA, IgM) and CMI
-normal uterus can clear many specific genital infections
-During estrus there is better drainage and increased neutrophils

Front 110

Uterine inflammation
-causes

Back 110

-progesterone in diestrus and gestation decrease repro tract immunity

Endometritis:
-Tritrichomonas foetus
-Campylobacter foetus
-Taylorella equigenitalis
-loosing of ligaments cause older mares vagina to have a cranioventral angle causing air and contaminants to be sucked in

Metritis:
-Fusobacterium necrophorum (fatal)
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis

Front 111

Uterine inflammation
-presentations

Back 111

Endometritis:
-temporary infertility
-spontaneous resolution
-endometrial inflammation

Metritis:
-acute infection is fatal
-entire uterus inflammation

Perimetritis:
-inflammation of the uterine serosa

Parametritis
-inflammation of the suspensory ligaments

Front 112

Uterine inflammation
-sequelae

Back 112

-pyometra

Front 113

Uterine Neoplasms

Back 113

-uterine carcinoma
-leiomyoma
-lymphosarcoma

Front 114

Uterine Carcinoma
-incidence

Back 114

-common in primates
-frequent in cows at the time of meat inspection
-adenocarcinoma common in rabbits

Front 115

Uterine Carcinoma
-morphology

Back 115

-can be small and annular or involve a large area of uterine wall

Front 116

Uterine Carcinoma
-prognosis

Back 116

-rare metastasis tot he regional LNs, lungs, and serosal surfaces of the abdomen

Front 117

Leiomyoma
-incidence

Back 117

-common in dogs and zoo felids (synthetic progestin contraceptive)

Front 118

Leiomyoma
-morphology

Back 118

-single or multiple
-white
-hard

Front 119

Uterine Lymphosarcoma
-incidence

Back 119

-common with bovine lymphosarcoma due to BLV
-incidental finding in sows at meat inspection

Front 120

Cervix
-developmental abnormalities

Back 120

-two entire or a single bifurcated cervix from imporoper fusion of the Mullerian ducts
-hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the whole cervix
-atrophy of one or more of the 5 rugae

Front 121

Vulva and Vagina
-developmental abnormalities

Back 121

-recto-vaginal fistula
-segmental aplasia (maldevelopment of the Mullerian ducts)
-fusion defects of mullerian ducts
-cysts

Front 122

Vulvovaginitis
-route of infection

Back 122

-coitus

Front 123

Vulvovaginitis
-pathogenesis

Back 123

-laceration during dystocia or trauma then become infected

Front 124

Vulvovaginitis
-lesions

Back 124

-initial hyperemia and edema and the vaginal and vulvar mucosa and focal hemorrhage of the lymphoid follicles of submucosa

Front 125

Vulvovaginitis
-viral causes

Back 125

-Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis)
-Bovine herpesvirus Type-4 (cervicovaginitis and epididymitis)
-Equine herpesvirus Type-3 (Coital exanthema)

Front 126

Neoplasms of the vulva and vagina

Back 126

-fibropapilloma
-leiomyoma
-squamous cell carcinoma
-transmissible venereal tumor

Front 127

Vulva/vaginal fibropapilloma
-causes

Back 127

-bovine papillomavirus

Front 128

Vulva/vaginal fibropapilloma
-lesions

Back 128

-tumors that are sessile, round to cauliflower-like with dense fibrous stroma and scant epithelium
-spontaneous regression

Front 129

Vulva/vaginal fibropapilloma
-sequelae

Back 129

-rupture
-hemorrhage
-ulceration

Front 130

Transmissible Venereal Tumor
-causes

Back 130

-sexually transmitted of round-cell origin

Front 131

Transmissible venereal tumor
-sequelae

Back 131

-can spread to face, ventral abdomen, nasal septum

Front 132

Reproductive failure
-can mean..

Back 132

-failure to implant
-embryonic death
-abortion
-still birth
-reduced litter size

Front 133

Normal Pregnancy
-quick description

Back 133

-retention of CL is endometrium dependent in ruminants, horses, pigs
-endometrium produces PGF2a which is inhibited by the embryo

-retention of CL is endometrium independent in dogs and cats
-life span of CL is predetermined and independent of pregnancy

-Parturition initiated by fetal cortisol production --> inc. placental estrogen prod. --> secretion in endometrial prostaglandin --> activation of endometrial contractions

Front 134

Types of Placentation

Back 134

-diffuse epithelio-chorial (equine)
-cotyledonary & syndesmo-chorial (ruminant)
-zonary & endothelial-chorial (cats & dogs)
-discoid & hemo-chorial (humans, rodents, primates)

Front 135

Incidental placenta findings

Back 135

-adeventitial placentation
-amniotic plaques
-mineralization
-hippomanes

Front 136

Embryonic death
-cause
-embryo consequence
-clinical features

Back 136

-cause: chromosomal abnormalities

-embryo consequence: reabsorption or discharged in uterine fluids

-clinical features: prolonged inter-estrual cycle

Front 137

Fetal death
-causes

Back 137

-genetic
-infection
-toxins
-physical trauma
-placental insufficiency

Front 138

Fetal death
-outcomes

Back 138

-mummification
-maceration
-abortion
-stillbirth

Front 139

mummification
-definition

Back 139

-desiccation of a fetus in a sterile uterine environment

Front 140

maceration
-definition

Back 140

-fetus degredation in an infected uterine environment

Front 141

abortion
-definition

Back 141

-expulsion of a dead fetus prior to the time of expected parturition

Front 142

stillbirth
-definition

Back 142

-dead fetus is delivered during the time of expected viability

Front 143

Non-infectious causes of abortion

Back 143

-placental insufficiency (twinning, torsion of the umbilical cord, premature placental separation, endometrial fibrosis)
-physical damage
-plant toxins (Xanthium sp., Astragalus sp.)
-hormonal abnormalities
-fetal anomalies

Front 144

8 most common causes of abortion in cattle

Back 144

-Neospora caninum
-Tritrichomonas foetus
-BVDV
-Leptospirosis
-Herpesvirus
-Epizootic bovine abortion
-fungi
-Brucella abortus

Front 145

Neospora caninum
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 145

-age: 2nd or 3rd trimester

-lesions: cotyledonary necrosis, autolyzed fetus with multifocal encephalitis and necrosis in the cardiac and skeletal muscle from bradyzoites

-zoonotic: No

Front 146

Tritrichomonas foetus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 146

-age: first trimester

-lesions: non-specific (protozoa in stomach and fetal fluids)

-Zoonotic: no

Front 147

BVDV
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 147

-age: any

-lesions: placental are non-specific; fetal can have developmental abnormalities of the nervous system, thymic atrophy, myocarditis, hypotrichosis

-zoonotic: no

Front 148

Leptospirosis interrogans
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 148

-age: last trimester

-placental lesions: edematous
-fetal lesions: autolysis, lymphocytic meningitis and nephritis

-zoonotic importance: yes

Front 149

Bovine Herpesvirus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 149

-age: 5-8 months

-placental lesions: retained, edematous
-fetal: in utero death and autolysis; multifocal liver necrosis

-zoonotic: No

Front 150

Epizootic Bovine Abortion
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 150

-age: 3rd trimester

-fetal lesions: lymphadenopathy, ascites, splenomegaly, hemorrhage in conjunctive, oral mucosa, and thymus, granulomatous thymitis, dermatitis, enlarged liver

-zoonotic importance: none

Front 151

Mycotic abortion
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 151

-age: late term

-placental lesions: retained, necrotizing placentitis of cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas
-fetal lesions: multifocal cutaneous mycotic plaques

-zoonotic: no

Front 152

Brucella abortus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 152

-age: 3rd trimester

-placental lesions: diffuely thickened, leathery, edematous with necrotic cotyledons
-fetal lesions: bronchopneumonia, pleuritis, edema

-zoonotic: yes

Front 153

5 causes of abortion in Pigs

Back 153

-PRRSV
-leptospirosis
-circovirus
-parvovirus
-herpesvirus

Front 154

PRRSV
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 154

-age: 3rd trimester

-lesions: diffuse or segmental hemorrhages in the umbilical cords from necrotizing arteritis; agalactia in sows; severe necrotizing interstitial pneumonia in suckling piglets

-Zoonotic: no

Front 155

Leptospirosis interrogans
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 155

-age: last trimester

-placental lesions: edematous placenta
-fetal lesions: born weak, icteric, and have multifocal liver necrosis with lymphocytic nephritis

-zoonotic: yes

Front 156

Parvovirus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 156

-age: rare abortion (SMEDI or birth of weak pigs)

-Fetal lesions: lymphocytic infiltrates in various organs

-Zoonotic: no

Front 157

Porcine Circovirus -2
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 157

-age: all stages of pregnancy

-lesions: before the first 90 days of gestation --> myocardial necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis; infection in late gestation --> granulomatous lymphadenitis and intersitial pneumonia

-Zoonotic: no

Front 158

Porcine Herpesvirus-1
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 158

-age: about 10 days after maternal infection

-placental lesions: multifocal necrosis
-fetal lesions: multifocal necrosis especially in the liver

-zoonotic: no

Front 159

3 most common causes of abortion in small domestic ruminants

Back 159

-Chlamydophila abortus
-Toxoplasma gondii
-Campylobacter spp.

Front 160

Chlamydophila abortus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 160

-age: last 2-3 wks of gestation

-placental lesions: placentitis, multifocal thickening, necrosis of cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas due to vasculitis
-fetal lesions: rare

-zoonotic: yes

Front 161

Toxoplasma gondii
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 161

-age: any

-placental lesions: multiple pinpoint white foci of necrosis in the cotyledons
-non-placental lesions: encephalitis and multifocal necrosis in the brain

-zoonotic: yes

Front 162

Campylobacter spp.
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 162

-age: late term

-placental lesions: diffuse, exudative placentitis
-fetal lesions: non-specific edema, multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and bronchopneumonia

-zoonotic: yes

Front 163

3 causes of abortion in horses

Back 163

-Equine herpesvirus
-Equine Viral Arteritis
-Mare Reproductive Loss syndrome

Front 164

Equine Herpesvirus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 164

-age: late gestation

-fetal lesions: absent or severe pulmonary edema, pneumonia, multifocal hepatic necrosis, lymphoid necrosis, subcutaneous edema

-zoonotic: no

Front 165

Equine Arteritis Virus
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 165

-age: 5-10 month of gestation

-fetal lesions: limited due to an excess of fluid in body cavities and a variable degree of interlobular pulmonary edema; vasculitis in placenta, brain, liver, lungs

-zoonotic: no

Front 166

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 166

-age: following ingestion of Eastern Tent Caterpillars

-zoonotic: no

Front 167

2 causes of abortion in dogs

Back 167

-brucella canis
-Canine herpesvirus-1

Front 168

Brucella canis
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 168

-age: any gestational age, stillbirth

-placental lesions: multifocal placental necrosis and necrosupperative endometritis
-fetal lesions: pneumonia, endocarditis, hepatitis

-zoonotic: yes

Front 169

Canine Herpesvirus-1
-age of abortion
-significant/pathogneumonic lesions
-zoonotic importance

Back 169

-age: any gestational age, stillbirth, birth of live infected puppies

-placental lesions: necrosis
-fetal lesions: leptomeningitis, multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis of various organs

Front 170

Toxoplasma gondii abortion in Cats
-characteristics

Back 170

-abortion due to systemic illness in the queen
-no uterine lesions in dams with aborted fetuses
-neonatal death < 1 month old

Front 171

Innate and Specific defenses to prevent mastitis

Back 171

-anatomical features of the teat canal
-normal flow of milk
-antibacterial products (lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase)
-phagocytes
-antibodies in milk

Front 172

6 Causes of mastitis in cows

Back 172

-Streptococcus
-Staphylococcus
-Coliforms
-Arcanobacterium
-Mycoplasma
-Mycobacterium

Front 173

Streptococcal mastitis
-organisms
-morphology
-response to infection

Back 173

-organisms: S. agalactiae

-morphology: tissue is grey and swollen then becomes firm and fibrotic

-response: recurring episodes of inflammation, exudative then fibrosing (initially severe edema and neutrophilic infiltration, later involution and fibrosis of gland)

Front 174

Staphylococcal mastitis
-organisms
-response to infection

Back 174

Common in young cows

-organisms: catalase + are more pathologic

-peracute response: gangrenous mastitis with high mortality, black blue glands with lots of necrosis
-mild response: chronic, recurrent

Front 175

Coliform mastitis
-organisms
-response

Back 175

High incidence in herds with controlled mammary infections

-organisms: E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella

-response: infection limited to 1 quarter; edema and hemorrhage in tissue; extensive necrosis

Front 176

Summer Mastitis
-organisms
-response

Back 176

-organisms: Arcanobacterium pyogenes

-response: abscesses within mammary ducts; granulation tissue and fibrosis

-caused by contamination of pre-existing teat lesions

Front 177

Mycoplasmal mastitis
-organisms
-response

Back 177

-organisms: M. bovis

-response: acute exudative stage then a chronic stage of epithelial hyperplasia; granulation and fibrosis of ducts

Front 178

Mycobacterium mastitis
-organisms
-response

Back 178

-organisms: M. tuberculosis

-insidious onset with a slow progression

-3 morphological types: disseminated miliary tuberculosis, chronic organ tuberculosis (most common), caseous tuberculosis mastitis

Front 179

3 causes of mastitis in small ruminants

Back 179

-Staphylococcus
-Mannheimia
-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus

Front 180

Mannheimia mastitis
-organism
-response

Back 180

-organism: Mannheimia haemolyticum

-response: blue discoloration of the udder and necrosis of glandular tissue

Front 181

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
-mammary lesions
-associated effects

Back 181

-mammary: hard, non-pliable quarters (hard bag) and contain lymphocytic infiltrates and lymphoid nodules

-associated: ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis encephalitis

Front 182

Mammary hyperplasia in dogs
-types

Back 182

-mammary duct hyperplasia and ectasia
-mammary lobular hyperplasia

Front 183

Mammary duct hyperplasia and ectasia
-pathogenesis

Back 183

-hormonally associated and induced by progesterone
-can spontaneously regress

Front 184

Mammary lobular hyperplasia
-pathogenesis

Back 184

-preneoplasic change

Front 185

Mammary hyperplasia in cats
-what is it
-pathogenesis

Back 185

-Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

-induced by progesterone, can spontaneously regress

Front 186

Species with more malignant mammary tumors

Back 186

-cats

Front 187

Dog mammary neoplasia
-risk factors

Back 187

-ovarihysterectomy after 2nd estrus
-treatment with synthetic progestins
-pure bred dogs

Front 188

Cat mammary neoplasia
-location
-metastasis

Back 188

-subcutis around the nipple

-matastasize to LNs, lungs, other mammae