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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Listeriosis
-cause |
Listeria spp. bacteria
-incompletely fermented silage |
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Listeriosis
-neuropathogenesis |
-oral, nasal, facial infection
-spread through axons of cranial nerves (trigeminal and facial) -paralysis of the trigeminal nerve -affinity for brainstem |
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Listeriosis
-lesions |
-drooping of eyelid, ear, and upper lip (unilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis)
-circling disease (head pressing, head deviation) -meningoencephalitis -supperative microabcesses -non-supperative lymphohistiocytic perivascular cuffing -neuronal necrosis |
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Hydromyelia
-location |
-dilatation of the central canal
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Syringomyelia
-location |
-tubular cavitation in the spinal cord unconnected to the central canal
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Hydromyelia
-may occur with what other condition |
-spina bifida
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Intervertebral Disk Disease
-pathogenesis |
Chondrodysplastic breeds
-degeneration starting at about 1 yr old -nucleus pulposus degenerates compressive forces not uniform around the annulus fibrosus -disk herniates suddenly (Hansen Type 1) and protrudes dorsally -spinal cord gets compressed causing neuronal and axonal damage Nonchondrodysplastic breeds -slow and progressive degeneration of the annulus fibrosus -slow herniation (Hansen Type II) since the dorsal potrusion is weakened and not ruptured |
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Intervertebral Disk Disease
-gross lesions |
-hemorrhage
-hypoxia-ischemia change (infarction, necrosis, malacia) |
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Intervertebral disk disease
-micro lesions |
-axonal injury
-disruption of myelin sheaths -necrosis of grey/white matter |
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Vertebrae where IVDD normally causes herniation
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-T11-L3
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Chondrodysplastic breeds
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-dachshunds
-pekingese |
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Unique spinal cord lesion associated with Hansens Type I
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Progressive Hemorrhagic Myelomalacia
-softening and semi-liquifaction -lipid peroxidation |
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White matter degeneration rostral and caudal to site of IVDD
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-Rostral: degeneration in ascending tracts (sensory)
-Caudal: degeneration in descending tracts (motor) |
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Cervical Vertebral Stenosis
-predisposition |
-stallions with a rapid growth rate and large body size
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Cervical Vertebral Stenosis
-aka |
-wobbles
-Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy |
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Cervical Vertebral Stenosis
-syndromes |
-cervical static stenosis
-cervical dynamic stenosis |
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Cervical static stenosis
-pathogenesis |
-compression of spinal cord at C5-C7 due to dorsal narrowing of the spinal canal
-degeneration and rupture of ligamentum flavum |
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Cervical dynamic stenosis
-pathogenesis |
-congenital condition
-compression of C3-C5 during neck flexion |
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Equine Protozoal Myelitis
-cause |
-Sarcocystis neurona
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Equine protozoal myelitis
-pathogenesis |
-fecal-oral infection from the definitive host the Opossum
-lesions mostly in cervical and thoracic spinal cord |
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Equine Protozoal myelitis
-lesions |
-necrosis and non-supperative inflammation in the greay and white matter of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord
-perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes and plasma cells |
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Equine protozoal myelitis
-prevalence in what animal |
-juvenile horse
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Dysautonomia
-cause |
-acquired
-possible Claustridium in horses |
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Dysautonomia
-clinical signs in horses |
-acute/chronic GI stasis
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Dysautonomia
-clinical signs cats and dogs |
-GI disturbance
-urinary incontinence -mydriasis -bradycardia |
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Dysautonomia
-gross lesions |
-none except for possible megaesophagus
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Dysautonomia
-micro lesions |
-neuronal chromatolysis
-nuclear pyknosis -leukocytic infiltration |
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Horner's Syndrome
-what is it |
-damage to sympathetic innervation
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Horner's Syndrome
-causes |
-brain tumor
-cervical spinal cord injury -thoracic tumor -injury to the neck from fighting -choke collar injury -middle ear infection -viral, immune mediated, idiopathis |
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Horner's Syndrome
-clinical signs |
-sunken eye
-small pupil -droopy upper eyelid -prominent 3rd eyelid |
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Horner's syndrome
-disease to differentiate from |
-uveitis
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Horner's syndrome
-dog breeds affected |
-golden retriever
-cocker spaniel |
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Corneal inflammation
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-keratitis
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Conjunctival inflammation
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-Conjunctivitis
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Sclera inflammation
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-Sleritis
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uvea inflammation
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-uveitis
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choroid inflammation
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-choroiditis
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ciliary body inflammation
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-cyclitis
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iris inflammation
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iriditis
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Iris & Ciliary body inflammation
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-iridocyclitis
-anterior uveitis |
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lens inflammation
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-phakitis
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retina inflammation
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-retinitis
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Sclera, choroid, and retina inflammation
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-panophthalmitis
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Choroid and Retina inflammation
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-endophthalmitis
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Collie Eye Anomaly
-lesions |
-choroidal dysplasia (abnormal development of vasculature in the uvea)
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Collie Eye Anomaly
-pathogenesis |
-choroidal dysplasia leads to vitreous hemorrhage and and hemosideridosis
-interferes with light passage |
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Collie Eye Anomaly
-sequelae |
-Retinal dysplasia
-Scleral ectasia |
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Dog
-Benign neoplasm of eye |
-melanoma of the anterior uveal tract
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Cat
-malignant neoplasm of the eye |
-Diffuse Iris melanoma
-lymphosarcoma |
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Bovine
-malignant neoplasm of the eye |
-squamous cell carcinoma
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Feline Post-Traumatic Sarcoma
-cause |
-traumatic/penetrating injury to the eye
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Feline Post-Traumatic Sarcoma
-pathogenesis |
-sarcoma arises from lenticular epithelium
-destroys the globe of the eye -metastasizes |
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Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
-causes |
-immune mediated destruction of lacrimal glands
-trimethoprim sulfonamide drugs -canine distemper -bacterial conjunctivitis -vitamin A deficiency |
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
-lesions |
-keratinization
-vascularization -ulceration -pigmentation |
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
-pathogenesis |
-immune mediated destruction of the lacrimal glands
-lack of lacrimation causes dryness and loss of the tear film in the cornea |
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Immune-mediated ocular diseases
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-keratoconjunctivitis sicca
-Equine recurrent anterior uveitis (moon blindness) -Blue eye -Foreign body reaction against lens rupture -Uveodermatologic syndrome |
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Taurine deficiency in cat
-lesion |
-first a focal area of degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina
-then becomes ellipsoidal and hyperreflective |
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Glaucoma
-definition |
-pathologic state in which there is a prolonged increase in intraocular pressure resulting in progressive damage to various occular structures
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Glaucoma
-primary cause |
-the rate of production of aqueous humor is greater than the rate of drainage
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Goniodysgenesis
-definition |
-maldevelopment of the filtration angle that is an inherited condition among dog breeds (basset hound)
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Secondary glaucoma
-causes |
-obstruction of aqueous drainage due to trauma, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasm
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Secondary glaucoma
-pathogenesis |
-obstruction of outflow at the iridocorneal angle, pupil, ciliary cleft, trabecular meshwork
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Glaucoma
-secondary effects on retina |
-retinal degeneration and detachment
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Glaucoma
-secondary effects on cornea |
-corneal endothelial loss and edema
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Glaucoma
-secondary effect on iris |
-displacement of iris causing collapse of the ciliray cleft and trabecular meshwork
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Glaucoma
-secondary effects on the lens |
-subluxation or luxation of lens
-cataracts |
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Glaucoma
-secondary effects on vitreous |
-liquefaction of vitreous
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Glaucoma
-secondary effects on optical nerve |
-optical disk cupping and cavitation
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Cataracts
-defintion |
-permanent opacity of the lens due to increased hydration
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Cataracts
-causes |
-inherited
-diabetes -glaucoma -toxicity -subluxation and luxation of the lens |
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Cataracts
-pathogenesis in dogs with diabetes mellitus |
-accumulation of sorbitol from glucose undergoing reduction by NADPH
-sorbitol does not diffuse through the cell membranes easily and accumulates -osmotic damage occurs to the lens |
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Cataracts
-morphological changes |
-fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium
-necrosis and mineralization of lens and stroma |
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Otitis externa
-definition |
-inflammation of the external meatus causing disturbances in sound waves that reach the tympanic membrane
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Otitis externa
-causes |
-Otodectes cyanotis (cats)
-Malassezia pachydermatis (dogs) |
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Otitis externa
-sequelae |
-disturbance in sound waves reaching the ear
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Otitis media
-definition |
-infection of the middle ear
-common in pigs |
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Otitis media
-causes |
-Mannheimia hemolytica (lambs)
-Eustachitis (swine) -Pasteurella multocida |
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Otitis media
-sequelae |
-conductive deafness from osteomyelitis
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Otitis interna
-definition |
-inflammation of the inner ear
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Otitis interna
-causes |
-extension of otitis media
-Manneheimia hemolytica -Pasteurella -Eustachitis |
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Otitis interna
-sequelae |
-vestibular labyrinths
-vestibular cochlear neuritis -temporal osteomyelitis -brain stem abcesses |
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Neoplasms of external ear
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-squamous cell carcinoma
-ceruminous gland adenoma |
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Neoplasms of middle ear
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-squamous cell carcinoma
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Neoplasms of inner ear
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-lymphosarcoma
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Inner ear
-toxic agents |
-Aminoglycosides (outer hair cells)
-Loop diuretics (stria vascularis) -Acetylsalicylic acid (ototoxicity) -Hygromycin B -Combination of Chlorhexidine and Cetrimide |
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Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps
-origin |
-mucosa of the tympanic cavity via the eustachian tube
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Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps
-gross lesions |
-fill tympanic cavity
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Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps
-microscopic lesions |
-well vascularized fibrous/myxomatous tissue with squamous or columnar epithelium
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Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps
-clinical signs |
-respiratory distress
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Vestibular Dysfunction
-causes |
Nonspecific destruction of the inner ear or nerves
-otitis interna -trauma -invasive neoplasm -toxins Idiopathic Nutritional deficiency -vitamin A -manganese |
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Vestibular dysfunction
-manifestations |
-loss of equilibrium
-head tilt -ataxia -nystagmus |
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Dysraphism
-defintion |
-defective closure of the neural tube during development
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Dysraphism
-cause |
-exposure of a lamb, calf, or kid to Veratrum californicum during gestation
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Crania bifida
-definition |
-manifestation of dysraphism where the meninges and brain protrude through a dorsal midline cranial defect
-can be either a meningoencephalocele or meningocele |
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Carnia bifida
-cause |
-inherited in pigs
-griseofulvin treatment in cats |
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What do you call a protrusion of the brain and the meninges?
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-Meninoencephalocele
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Hydrocephalus
-defintion |
-increase in CSF in the ventricular system of the CNS
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Hydrocephalus
-causes |
Communicating form
-free flow of CSF in ventricles to subarachnoid space but occurs due to local hypertension Non-Communicating form -obstruction of the flow of CSF tracts -acquired --> space occupying lesions obstructing flow -congenital--> doming of the cranium before sutures form |
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Congenital hydrocephalus
-animals seens in |
-toy and barchycephalic dogs
-herefords |
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Hydrocephalus
-pathogenesis |
-block CSF circulation/drainage
-increased ventricular pressure -dilation of ventricles -reduction in white matter thickness (pressure atrophy) -hippocampus atrophy and cerebellar coning |
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Hydranencephaly
-definition |
lack of development of cerebral white matter, due to neuroblast destruction during brain development
-ventricles expand and fill with CSF to fill the space that was vacated by white matter |
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Hydranencephaly
-causes |
viruses
-BVD -border disease copper deficiency |
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Porencephaly
-definition |
-mild form of hydranencephaly that has cysts in the cerebral hemisphere that communicate with subarachnoid space
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Lead toxicity
-pathogenesis |
-direct toxicity to neurocytes, astrocytes, and brain vascular endothelial cells
-interferes with Calcium homeostasis in the nervous system |
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Lead toxicity
-histomorphology |
-congestion
-swelling of astrocytes and endothelial cells -neuronal necrosis -aicd-fast inclusion bodies in renal tubular epithelium |
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Enterotoxiemia
-aka |
-Pulpy kidney disease in Small ruminants
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Enterotoxemia
-cause |
-Claustridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin
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Enterotoxemia
-pathogenesis |
-damage to vascular endothelial cells
-increased vascular permeability caused destruction of the blood-brain barrier -ischemia and necrosis |
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Enterotoxemia
-lesions |
-bilateral symmetrical malacia
-pulpy kidneys due to rapid autolysis |
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Edema Disease
-animals affected |
-feeder pigs with high energy rations
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Edema disease
-cause |
-E. coli shiga toxin
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Edema disease
-pathogenesis |
-endothelial damage causing angiopathy
-edema and hypoxia/ischemia to tissue including brain -edema, ischemia, infarction |
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Edema disease
-lesions |
-bilateral malacia in the brain stem
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Hepatic encephalopathy
-pathogenesis |
-clinical neurological disease due to acute or chronic hepatic failure and atrophy
-congenital or acquired -accumulation of toxins -spongiosis in the interphase between grey and white matter -Spongiform myelinopathy |
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Hepatic encephalopathy
-toxic substances |
-ammonia
-mercaptens -GABA -glutamine |
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Polioencephalomalacia
-causes |
Thiamine deficiency
-dietary supplementation -acidosis -bracken fern -inc. sulfur |
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Polioencephalomalacia
-pathogenesis |
-lack of thiamine present within the animal
-thiamine not available to produce thiamine phosphatase -thiamine phosphatase needed to run the pentose phosphate pathway, which neurons use for energy |
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Polioencephalomalacia
-gross lesions |
-swollen brain with flattened gyri and sulci
-yellow discoloration of cerebrocortical grey matter -autofuorescence under UV light |
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Polioencephalomalacia
-micro lesions |
-laminar pattern of neuronal necrosis and edema
-perivascular monocytes -separation between the grey and white matter |
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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis in dogs
-definition |
-idiopathic disease that affects the white matter and causes grey to yellow expansile areas
-aka reticulosis due to the deposition of reticulin fibers |
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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
-sequelae |
-hydrocephalus from blockage of CSF drainage
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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
-micro lesions |
-perivascular/diffuse deposition of monocytes
-deposition of reticulin and collagen fibers |
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Canine Distemper
-cause |
-morbillivirus with affinity for CNS, epithelial tissue, lymphoid tissue
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Canine Distemper
-neuropathogenesis |
-spread of virus through blood or lymph to CNS, epithelial tissue, or lymphoid tissue
-virus is either monocyte associated or free floating when it reaches the CNS -replicates in astrocytes -demyelination |
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Canine Distemper
-lesions |
-neuronal necrosis due to demyelination from replication in astrocytes
-non-supperative meningoencephalitis in the cerebellum |
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Canine distemper
-sequelae |
-hard pad disease
-due to a persistent infection with a defective virus -widespread perivascular cuffing -foci of neuronal degeneration |
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Rabies
-cause |
-lyssavirus
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Rabies
-neuropathogenesis |
-transmitted by bite
-lyssavirus reaches CNS via centripital movement along peripheral nerves to the brain and spinal cord |
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Rabies
-lesions |
-non-supperative meningoencephalitis
-multifocal microgliosis -neuronal degradation -spongiform encephalopathy in grey matter -negri bodies in neurons |
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Rabies
-diagnosis |
-necropsy
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Important differential diagnosis for any neurological disease
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Rabies
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Viral CNS Disease
-horse |
-eastern encephalomyelitis virus
-west nile virus |
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Viral CNS disease
-pigs |
-Porcine parvovirus
-Classical swine fever |
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Viral CNS disease
-canine |
-Lyssavirus
-Morbillavirus |
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Viral CNS disease
-bovine |
-bovine leukemia virus
-bovine viral diarrhea virus |
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Viral CNS disease
-feline |
-feline leukemia virus
-feline immunodeficiency virus |
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How to differentiate Easter/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis from West Nile Virus based on lesion location
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E/W/V Equine Encephalomyelitis
-hematogenous infection of the brain -focal necrosis -leptomeningeal edema West Nile Virus -lumbosacral spinal cord malacia -hemorhage and necrosis |
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Lesions for confirmatory diagnoses of acute infectious disease in bovines
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microencephaly
-abnormally small brains -BVD Vacuolation of neurons and grey matter -nonmyelinic spongiform -BSE prion |
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Spongiform encephalopathy
-cause |
-prions
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Spongiform encephalopathy
-pathogenesis |
-prions ingested
-replication in local lymph nodes and spleen for months to years -move to the CNS through either the hematogenous or axonal route -infect the CNS -first infect medulla and diencephalons (no clinical signs) -infect cerebellum and brain stem (clinical signs) -no immune response (behind blood-brain barrier) |
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Spongiform encephalopathy
-clinical signs |
-loss of body condition with retained appetite
-pruritis (scrapie sheep) -biting of feet/limbs -incoordination -tremors |
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Spongiform encephalopathy
-diagnosis |
-no gross lesions
-neuronal vacuolar degeneration -spongiosus of grey matter -immunohistochemistry or western blot (obex tissue) |
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Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle
-cause |
-Histophilus somni
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Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle
-pathogenesis |
-histophilus somni enters blood from the upper GI tract where it is part of the normal flora
-infects endothelial cells -vasculitis and vascular necrosis occur -vascular damage leads to infarction and necrosis in the brain and spinal cord |
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Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle
-lesions |
-infarction/necrosis/hemorrhage at the grey/white matter interface of the brain and spinal cord
-brain swelling from perivascular edema and supperative to pyogranulomatous encephalitis -purulent leptomeningitis -clouds CSF from pus -myocarditis |
