Synthesis Cards

Front 1

Antihistamines

Back 1

-use first day or two of cold.
-blocks body's histamine receptor sites, decreasing the drip.
S/A: drowsy, tx insomnia
-ex. diphenhydramine/Benadryl, Promethazine/Phenergan
*A'hst

Front 2

Decongestants and pathophys

Back 2

-shrink bl ves in the mucous membranes.
-ex: pseudoephedrine/Sudafed (oral).
& oxymetazoline/Afrin (nasal spray)
These 2 are called adrenergic decong. bc they stimulate the fright-flight-fight response in the body. Why?It causes the hormone, epinephrine/Adrenalin to be transported throught the blood from the adrenal glands out into the body.
-shrinks vessels, enlarges the air passages=easier breathing.
-S/A: insomnia, nervousness etc, incr BP
-the nasal spray, no SA, can cause "rebound" nasal cong., use spar
*ANOM

Front 3

Expectorant

Back 3

Guaifenesin/Robitussin
-does not suppress coughs, but makes them more prod, thinning mucous.
-S/A: stom irrat
-drink 10, 8oz gl liq in 24 hr
-use vaporizer, & move
*A'tsEx

Front 4

Cough Suppressants
(non-opiate)
Antitussive

Back 4

dextromethorphan, Used for hacking, non-prod cough
*AtsEx

Front 5

1. analgesic
2. antipyretic
3. Reye's syndrome

Back 5

1. relieve pain.
2. lower body temp
3. aspirin related rare, acute, life-threatening condition children/adolescents w/viral infectn, such as chckn pox, flu.
*CNS

Front 6

Aspirin

Back 6

-analgesic-antipyretic, & anti-inflam.
-decr. inflam. thins bl by suprressing a body substance, prostaglandin which also causes stomach to secret thick mucus , causes stom upset.
*CNS

Front 7

1. two parts of NS
2. two parts of c.
3. 2 parts of p.
4. under a.

Back 7

1. central & peripheral
2. (CNS)brain, spinal cord
3. (Peripheral)autonomic & somatic
4. Parasympathetic: (Cholinergic) ACh and Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
* ANOM

Front 8

What system is the feed & breed?

Back 8

parasymp

*ANOM

Front 9

What system is the fright, flight, and fight?

Back 9

sympathetic
*ANOM

Front 10

1. Alpha 1?
2. Alpha 2 (a blocker)

Back 10

1.Autonomic, constricts blood vessels, dilates eyes.
2. dilates bronchioles in lungs
*ANOM

Front 11

Autonomic NS:
1. symp/adrenergic PRE-ganglionic NT?
2. POST-ganglionic NT?

Back 11

1. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)

2. at the junction w/organ is NOREPINEPHRINE (NE)

*SEE diagrams for unit 5
*ANOM

Front 12

Somatic NS:
1. What mvmt?
2. NT at junction w/muscle?

Back 12

1. voluntary & reflex, no ganglia
2. ACETYLCHOLINE
*ANOM

Front 13

Somatic NS:
Catecholamines (Monamines)
1. 2 parts?
2. NT for those 2 parts?
3. two types of receptors?

Back 13

1. central (brain), and peripheral (body)
2. central: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
3. peripheral: Norepinephrine at post ganglionic sites, Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
*ANOM

Front 14

1.Alpha NT?
2. Alpha 1 stimulation CAUSES?
3. Agonist drugs:
4. Antagonist drug:

Back 14

1.Norepinephrine & Epinephrine
2. constricts periph. vessels in skin, kidney, raise BP in heart & brain. nasal, dilate eyes.
3. epin./Adrenalin, oxymetazoline/Afrin, &
pseudoephedrine/Sudafed
4.terazosin/Hytrin
*ANOM

Front 15

1.alpha 2 BLOCKS actions?
2. Agonist drug for alpha 2?

Back 15

1. Inhibits further release of norepin. at nerve terminal, dilating periph bl vessels to lower BP.
2. clonidine/catapres, an "alpha 2 stimulator", hypotensive
*ANOM

Front 16

Clonidine/Catapres

Back 16

Clonidine/Catapres acts in the medulla of the brain to stimulate alpha2-receptors that inhibit sympathetic vasomotor centers. (The action is comparable to "stimulating" a car's brakes to "inhibit" its motion.) Clonidine/Catapres causes sedation, a central (brain) action. It does not interfere with fine control of peripheral vessels, a peripheral action, so does not cause orthostatic hypotension.
*ANOM

Front 17

Serotonin (SE) action?
2. serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug?
3. Med that blocks reuptake of NE and SE?
4. drug that increases reuptake of NE, and SE?
5. Med that blocks receptors for dopamine and SE , treat schizophr.
6. med that is a selective serotonin agonist to treat migraines?

Back 17

found in platelets, intestine, and brain.
Strong vasoconstrictor, stimulates intestinal sm muscle contraction.
2. fluoxetine/Prozac
3. risperidone?Risperdal blocks receptros for doapamine and SE to treat schizophr.
4. LITHIUM to treat mania
5. risperidone/Risperdal
6. sumatriptan/Imitrex

*ANOM

Front 18

drugs w/ a narrow therapeutic index?
-examples (2)

Back 18

drugs that have a therapeutic level that is only slightly below the toxic level.
-digoxin/Lanoxin, warfarin/Coumadin

*DRUG INFO

Front 19

Serum half life?

How many half-lives before a drug reaches a steady state?

Back 19

the time required for the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.
-4 or 5

*DRUG INFO

Front 20

Receptor Theory of Drug Action?

Back 20

Explains how a med such as a pain pill is able to go to a certain place in the body where you have pain and lessen the pain in that spot. The body chem's that cause the pain are affecting certain cell receptors. The pain med goes to those receptors and is able to affect them in such a way as to lessen the pain the chemistry of drug design is complex.
*DRUG INFO

Front 21

1. What is an important NT in the brain and is the NT of the cholinergic part of the autonomic NS?
2. What is the precursor of Norep & Epin?
3.What are Norep & Epin categorized under
4. What are catecholamines, and what do they do?

Back 21

1. Acetylcholine
2. Dopamine, a catecholamine.
3. Catecholamines
4. They are neurotransmitters (NT) that stimulate nor & epi.
*ANOM

Front 22

Receptors:
1. Up-regulation
2. Down-regulation
3. What does this do?

Back 22

Receptors are constantly being created & broken down. 1. When there is INACTIVITY at the synapse, the receptors INCREASE in number thus,UP-reg.
2. With OVER activity at the synapse, they DECREASE in number and activity, thus DOWN-reg.
3. Readjust abnormally stimulated or depressed nerve function toward normal.

*ANOM

Front 23

Receptors:
1. Up-regulation
2. Down-regulation
3. What does this do?

Back 23

Receptors are constantly being created & broken down. 1. When there is INACTIVITY at the synapse, the receptors INCREASE in number thus,UP-reg.
2. With OVER activity at the synapse, they DECREASE in number and activity, thus DOWN-reg.
3. Readjust abnormally stimulated or depressed nerve function toward normal.

*ANOM

Front 24

1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary
3. cerebral cortex

Back 24

1. center for autonomic motor control and secretion of releasing hormones for all the hormones controlled by the pituitary. Also controls water balance, body temperature, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, GI motility, hunger and thirst.
2. the master gland
3. controls all conscious processes: learning memory, reasoning, speaking, sensory perception and movement.
*ANOM

Front 25

1. COX 1
2. COX 2
3. Side effects of Aspirin and other NSAIDS

Back 25

1. prostaglandins protect the stom by increasing mucu that protects the stom from it's own acid, and decrease gastric acid secretion.
2. prostaglandins assoc. with pain & inflamm.
3. Inhibition of COX 1 & COX 2. Stom. irratation
*CNS

Front 26

1. The role of dopamine in schizophrenia
2. drug used and side effects

Back 26

1.excess dopamine in cerebral cortex cause the brain stimulation result in hallucinations and delusions.
2. chlorpromazine/Thorazine, but dopamine in the basal ganglia necessary for control of fine motor mvmts, therefore, the thorazine, which decreases dopamine in brain, also effects the basal ganglia resulting in
"pseudoparkinsomism": tremors, slow shuffle, masklike faces, muscle rigidity, drooling (cholinergic sx)
*CNS

Front 27

1.What is given to help w/side effects of schiz. meds
2. What other med is given that has less side effects?

Back 27

1. benztropine/Cogentin helps to control the extra pyramidal symptoms of pseudoparkinsonism
2. risperidone/Risperdal
*CNS

Front 28

1. List 2 extrapyramidal movement disorders
2. Explain the second one.

Back 28

1.psudoparkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia
2. more common in older women, irreversible side effect of prolonged use such as Thorazine. Char by facial grimacing, tongue protruding and lip smacking, and writhing mvmts of upper extremities.
*CNS

Front 29

How does promethazine/phenergan relieves N & V?

Back 29

1. blocks the dopamine receptors in the CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone)
*CNS

Front 30

1. Which drug is specifically helpful for homeless schizophrenics?
2. Why?

Back 30

1. The decanoate form of haloperidol/Haldol and fluphenazine/Prolixin
2. very long lasting forms, given by injection, can control symptoms for 3-4 wks.
*CNS

Front 31

Are antipsychotics addicting?

Back 31

No, IM's for flare ups, orals for 5 years to a lifetime.
*CNS

Front 32

define bipolar disorder

Back 32

depression alternating with mania
*CNS

Front 33

name 2 major monoamine NT that are impor factors in depression

Back 33

Norepinephrine and serotonin.

*CNS

Front 34

What do these NT do?

Back 34

Nor acts as a stimulant and serotonin helps regulate mood, sleep, appetite, energy level, mental and psychological functioning.
*CNS

Front 35

state the neurological malfunction related to mania

Back 35

excess of norep, a stimulating hormone and a deficiency of GABA, an inhibiting hormone
*CNS

Front 36

1. commonalities of all antidepressants
2. one difference?

Back 36

1. all oral, must be taken for 2-4 wks before work, all metabolized by the P450 enzymres
2. dif side effects
*CNS

Front 37

2 other uses for antidep.

Back 37

anxiety, enuresis, and neuropathic pain
*CNS

Front 38

1. amitriptyline/Elavil action and side effects
2. fluoxetine/Prozac action & side effects

Back 38

1. potentiates action of norepinephrine and serotonin. SA sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Anticholinergic SA are blurred vision, dry mouth, constip, urinary retention and weight gain. oral take at bed time. ECG before beginning med.
2. reuptake of serotonin. SA N & V, diarrhea, wt loss, sex. dysfunction, CNS stimulation. Oral, morning, or noon.
*CNS

Front 39

bupropion/Wellbutrin
1. Advantages
2. Disadv.

Back 39

1. does not cause cardiac probs, orthost. hypotnsn, sxl dysfnctn
2. Can cause seizures, anxiety, and anticholinergic side effects.
*CNS

Front 40

Lithium used for?
1. disadv.

Back 40

for manic phase of bipolar depression
1. narrow therapeutic index, a decrease in SALT can cause toxicity.
*CNS

Front 41

1. Lithium precautions:
2. Overdose signs
3. toxic level

Back 41

1.take w/food, don't increase, decrease salt intake, drink 8 gl water daily, prevent excess sweating, check lithium bl levels
2. V, diar, unsteady gait, weakness, drowsiness to death.
3. 2.5 mEq/L or higher
*CNS

Front 42

1. hypothalamus do?
2. Pituitary?
3. target organs

Back 42

1. master of the master gland, the pituitary. Produces releasing factors that cause the
2. pituitary to send it's hormones to the pituitary
3. the pit. sends messages to the glands in the body to cause them to release hormones into the blood stream.
*Hrmn

Front 43

hyperadrenocorticism

Back 43

drawing of women
*Hrmn

Front 44

1. Addison's disease
2. characteristics
3. treatment

Back 44

1. when adrenal cortex can't produce corticosteroids.
-both glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), and mineralcorticoids (adosterone) are deficient or absent.
2. bronzing, weakness, dehydration, weight loss and emotional distress. Low blood sodium & glucose, incrsd level of potassium.
3. replace the lost adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and adrenal genital corticoids.
* Hrmn

Front 45

1. Cushing's syndrome results from?
2. Characteristics
3. treatment

Back 45

1. an excess or cortisol by the adrenal cortex, usu from a pit. turmor or exogenous glucocorticoids.
2. picture
3. removal of turmor and replacement hormones or decreasing the dose of cortisone, if not possible, treat side effects.
*Hrmn

Front 46

How do corticosteroids help a pt
-w/severe rctn to drug,
-seasonal allergy,
-asthma or
-arthritis?

Back 46

decrease the body's reaction to the allergic rxn,
-in asthma, cortisone decreases the inflammatn in bronchioles, incrsg airway.
-arthritis cortisone decreases the inflam and swell'g in joints, decrsg pain and loss of function
*Hrmn

Front 47

hypothroidism
1. symptoms
2. treatment

Back 47

1.body processes are slowed. Pt is lethargic, gains wt, sensitive to cold, this lusterless hair
2. synthetic thyroid hormone low dose, slowly increased to a normal (euthyroid) level.
*Hrmn

Front 48

hyperthyroidism
1. symptoms
2. treatment

Back 48

1. body processes are increased. Pt. constantly moving, difficult to rest, heart rate is high, pt thin, poor tolerance for heat.
2. remove the thyroid, surgically or w/radioactive iodine or propylthiouracil and then give thyroid till the pt reaches a euthryoid state.
*Hrmn

Front 49

How are the following used in thyroid disorders?
-propranolol/Inderal

Back 49

-given to slow heart rate in hyperthyroidism
*Hrmn

Front 50

1. what does vitamin D do?
2. what does alendronate/Fosamax do?

Back 50

1. it is a fat soluble vitamin obtained from food and sunshine. It raises blood calcium levels and promones bone formation.
2. finds to bone and inhibits calcium resorptn from bone for osteopor.
*Uncls

Front 51

1. directions for Fosamax?
2. why

Back 51

1. Take morning w/full glass water, NPO for 30 minutes, while remaining UPRIGHT. Then eat bkfst.
2. can be very irratating to esophagus and stom.
*Uncls

Front 52

bupropion/Wellbutrin
1. Advantages
2. Disadv.

Back 52

1. does not cause cardiac probs, orthost. hypotnsn, sxl dysfnctn
2. Can cause seizures, anxiety, and anticholinergic side effects.
*CNS

Front 53

Lithium used for?
1. disadv.

Back 53

for manic phase of bipolar depression
1. narrow therapeutic index, a decrease in SALT can cause toxicity.
*CNS

Front 54

1. Lithium precautions:
2. Overdose signs
3. toxic level

Back 54

1.take w/food, don't increase, decrease salt intake, drink 8 gl water daily, prevent excess sweating, check lithium bl levels
2. V, diar, unsteady gait, weakness, drowsiness to death.
3. 2.5 mEq/L or higher
*CNS

Front 55

1. AED
2. seizure, convulsion and tonic-clonic movemnts

Back 55

1. antiepileptic drugs
2. all the same thing
*CNS

Front 56

What kind of meds are used for status epilepticus?
(2 TYPES)

Back 56

short acting benzodiazdpine such as diazepam/Valium or lorazepam/Ativan administered by IV
*CNS

Front 57

Describe NT changes and the brain structures involved in Parkinson's disease

Back 57

Dopamine is decreased. It is produced by the substantia nigra (black substance in the base of the brain and these cells are damaged or destroyed. Dopamine mediator of fine motor mvmts controlled by the basal ganglia
*Uncls

Front 58

1. What do they do?
2. list 2 major drugs used in Parkinson's disease, and the symptoms they affect.

Back 58

1. dopaminergic drugs; increase dopamine in the brain
2.
-Levodopa is the major drug used to treat this disease. The dopamine helps to relieve the tremor, slow mvmt, and the rigidity.
- Anticholinergic drugs such as benztropine/Cogentin are used in the early stages of Parkinson's disease to decrease spasticity, tremors, salivation, and sweating.

*CNS

Front 59

levodopa action

Back 59

-take w/meals
-reaches brain, converted to dopamine
-major drug used to treat Parkinson's
*Uncls

Front 60

why is carbidopa added to levodopa in Sinemet?

Back 60

-enzymes in peripheral tissues extensively metabolize levodopa.
-Carbidopa inhibits these enzymes and decreases the metabolism of levodopa , making it avail to brain.
*Uncls

Front 61

Signs of Parkinson's disease:

Back 61

pill rolling tremor at rest, tremor stops when using hand or sleep.
-excessive salivation, sweating, constipation & depressn.
-intellect remains until late stages
*Uncls