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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Passive Voice |
Downplays the actor of a transitive clause
Makes the undergoer of a transitive verb the PSA
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Adversatives |
indicates that an action had a bad effect on someone or something
considered a type of passive, but the effect on valence varies
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Antipassive voice |
The undergoer in a transitive sentence is demoted in order to allow the actor to be prominent.
Happens in ergative-absolutive systems |
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Detransitivizer |
Using the antipassive in order to mark the difference between referential undergoer and a non-specific argument that merely characterizes the action |
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Causatives |
Add a semantic and syntactic argument to their non-causative equivalents by expressing the causer argument, which takes on the actor macrorole status.
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Types of causatives |
direct causation, indirect causation, analytic causative construction, and double causative |
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Applicatives |
increase valency of a predicate by adding a semantic and syntactic argument that can have a number of semantic roles
possible semantic roles: indicating a recipient, an instrumental argument, or a benefactive |
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Noun Incorporation |
It involves an argument (usually the second argument) appearing as an affix on the predicate: in other words, the argument becomes incorporated into the predicate. This reduces by one the number of independent syntactic arguments in the core. |
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Reflexive |
the second argument has the same referent as another argument in the same clause |
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Where do adjectives appear in the diagram of a NP? |
In the periphery, pointing to the noun nucleus |
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What kinds of arguments appear in a NP? |
association, relation, part/whole relationship, or possession |
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What elements are added to the core level of a NP? |
They situate the noun phrase in space or time
In English, these are expressed with prepositions
Appear in the periphery, pointing toward the core of the NP |
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NPIP |
It is analogous to clause-initial positions with special functions
types of constituents: NP of possession, demonstrative pronoun, interrogative pronoun |
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Two ways of diagramming possession in a NP |
under a NPIP (NPIP --> NP poss)
as a suffix (PRO under the core of the NP) |
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Types of pronouns |
personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, expletive |
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NP Operators at the NP level |
definiteness and deixis |
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NP Operators at the core level |
number (singular/plural), quantification (numerals, quantifiers), negation |
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NP Operators at the nuclear level |
nominal aspect (mass/count, noun classifers) |
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definiteness |
identifiability of the referent (includes the definite and indefinite article in English) |
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Deixis |
deictic markers locate the referent with reference to the speaker
two most basic distinctions mark whether the referent is close to (proximal) or away from (distal) the speaker
NOT demonstrative pronouns because deictic markers do not stand alone like demonstrative pronouns do |
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Number |
singular/plural/dual
NOT numeral |
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Quantification |
both numerals (one, two, three, etc) and quantifiers (any, few, some, etc) |
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Negation in a NP |
Nominal negation marks the absence or lack of a referent (ex: no time) |
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Nominal Aspect |
"quality"
important type: noun classification, which have to do with the nature and shape of the referent (ex: ball-like) |
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types of non-predicative adpositional phrases |
argument marking
argument-adjunct
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argument marking adpositions |
can mark oblique core arguments
can mark direct core arguments (very common with the verb 'give') |
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argument-adjunct adpositional phrases |
contain predicative adpositions that add to the meaning of the sentence and introduce one of the participants in the event.
semantic roles: source, path, goal, and location |
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predicative arguments |
function like predicates, they provide semantic information for the clause in which they occur both in terms of their own meaning and in terms of the meaning of the noun phrase that occurs with them (their argument). They are therefore adjuncts (or adverbials), elements that modify in some way the event or situation described by the main predicate. |
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What are adjuncts that modify the clause like? |
analogous to the epistemic and evidential operators
peripheral to the clause
typically adverbs |
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What are adjuncts that modify the core like? |
time/place, pace, and manner
peripheral to the core |
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What are adjuncts that modify the nucleus like? |
duration or completion of the event
peripheral to the nucleus |
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What are the two questions to ask to analyze complex sentences? |
At what level is the connection between the units (clause, core, nuclear)?
What kind of connection is there between the units? |
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Clause level connection |
clause linkage markers (like conjunctions) that connect two or more independent clauses |
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core level connection |
each core has its own nucleus and at least some of the its own arguments
two cores in one clause |
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nucleus level connection |
sentence with two or more nuclei
usually causative
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Types of connection |
coordination
subordination
cosubordination |
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coordination |
involves connection two or more independent units of the same type: clause and clause, core and core, nucleus and nucleus |
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subordination |
one unit inside another unit
structurally dependent on the main clause
usually finite
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cosubordination |
like coordination, they involve two (or more) of the same units linked together, and like subordination, they are dependent on the other.
share at least one operator |
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actor-control construction |
the actor of the first predicate controls the identity of the PSA of the second predicate. |
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undergoer-control construction |
the undergoer of the first predicate controls the identity of the PSA of the second predicate |
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Clause Subordination |
involves a clause appearing as a peripheral modifer
also termed adverbial clauses (expresses reason, condition, possibility, or likelihood)
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resumptive pronoun |
type of relative clause
an overt pronoun which occurs within the relative clause in its logical position instead of a gap |
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cognate object |
direct object whose semantic content is more or less identical to that of the verb which governs it |
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unergative |
denoting an intransitive verb whose subject is NP or actor |
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factive |
a verb that take a complement clause
the speaker presupposes the complement clause to be true |
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factitive |
a verb denoting an action or process that cause an entity to change its state |
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effectum |
traditional label for a DO NP which exist before the action denoted in its clause and is affected by that action |
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pivot |
NP that is associated with the verbs in successive clauses |
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Protasis |
the clause whose truth value determines the truth value of the other clause |
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Apodosis |
the clause which expresses the condequence of fulfillment of the conditional clause |
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Raising |
a syntactic process that raises a subject noun phrase from a complement clause to be a direct object of the matrix clause |
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control |
the control problem concerns how to determine the understood subject of infinitival or gerundive VPs that lack an overt subject |
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secondary predication |
a second predicate that is not a finite verb and it occurs in the same clause as the first predicate |
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small clause |
subject/object complement expressing predication and as a reduced clause |
