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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are mental health issues classified?
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By their presentation and prevalence in society
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What is the name of the manual that classifies mental health issues?
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The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
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How many levels (axis) of diagnosis are there in mental health issues?
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five
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List disorders classified in Axis 1
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clinical disorders including major mental disorders, as well as developmental and learning disorders
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List disorders classified in Axis 2
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Underlying pervasive or personality conditions, as well as mental retardation
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List disorders classified in Axis 3
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Acute medical conditions and Physical disorders
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List disorders classified in Axis 4
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Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder
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List disorders classified in Axis 5
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Global Assessment of functioning or Children's Global Assessment
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What are some common Axis 1 disorders?
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Depression, Anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and schizophrenia
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What are some common Axis 2 disorders?
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personality disorders (such as antisocial, and narcissistic), borderline personality disorder and mild developmental delay
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What is Schedule 2?
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a form that authorises the police service to take a person, against their will if necessary, to a psychiatric hospital for assessment
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Define Hallucination:
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A false perception of something that is not really there.
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Define Illusion:
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False perception due to misinterpretation of the stimuli arising from an object.
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Define Delusion:
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A belief that is held with unshakable conviction- is usually wrong. Pathology lies in the irrational way in which the person comes to the belief.
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Define Depersonalisation:
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State in which a person feels themselves becoming unreal or strangely altered, or feels that his mind is
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What are some indicators to look for in regards to FORM OF SPEECH
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Speed & Fluency, problems finding the right words, Repetition, Incessant talking, Erratic speech
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What are some indicators to look for in regards to CONTENT OF SPEECH
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Main preoccupation, evidence of phobia/obsession/compulsion, delusional thoughts
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What are some indicators to look for in regards to MOOD
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How does the patient seem, variations of mood, indifference or detachment, appropriate for their current situation
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What are some indicators to look for in regards to INTELLECT
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history of education & achievement, level of consciousness, memory, orientation
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What are some indicators to look for in regards to INSIGHT
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Does the patient have an understanding of their problems?
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What are the three categories of disorders associated with development?
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1. Developmental delay
2. Pervasive developmental disorders 3. Specific developmental disorders |
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What are the two types of Pervasive developmental disorders?
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Autism
Asperger's Syndrome |
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What are two types of Specific Developmental Disorders?
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Dyslexia
Learning Disorders |
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What are some characteristics of Autism?
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Delay and deviance in the developmental of social, communicative, and other skills. Unusual sensitivity to the inanimate environment is typical
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What are some characteristics of Aspergers Syndrome?
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Impairment in social interaction and restricted interests and behaviouts
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What is Dyslexia?
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A specific reading disorder involving difficulty separating single words from groups of words and parts of words
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What are some characteristics of learning disorders?
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An inability to acquire, retain, or broadly use specific skills or information.
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List three types of Behavior disorders in children
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1. ADD
2. Temper Tantrums 3. Separation Anxiety Disorder |
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What is the most common psychiatric disorder in children?
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ADD
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What are elimination disorders?
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inappropriate elimination habits in an already toilet trained child
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What are 2 types of elimination disorder?
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1. Enuresis
2. Encopresis |
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What is Enuresis?
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bed wetting
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What is Encopresis?
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accidental passing of bowel movements that is not caused by illness or physical abnormality
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List some other behaviours considered unusual in children
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breath holding spells
school avoidance elective mutism head banging and rhythmic rocking conduct disorder |
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What are the 4 categories of conduct disorder?
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1. Aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals
2. Nonaggressive (as above) 3. Deceitfulness or theft 4. Serious violation of rules |
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List three eating disorders
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1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa 3. Pica |
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List some speech disorders
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1. Stammering/Stuttering
2. Cluttering 3. Echolalia |
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What is a Tic disorder?
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Involuntary movements that are repetitive and stereotypical- they occur most commonly in the face and neck
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What are Somatoform disorders?
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Physical symptoms are present with no demonstrable cause to be found. It is a subconscious process.
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Give an example of a somatoform disorder
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Hypochondriasis
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What is hypochondriasis?
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A belief that real or imagined physical symptoms are signs of a serious illness- despite evidence to the contrary
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List some symptoms of hypochondriasis
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preoccupation with fear of illness
symptoms that may shift or change symptoms that may be vague or specific |
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Define dissociative disorders
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Unconscious defense mechanism that protects the individual from unregulated affect by restricting the field of consciousness.
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What are two types of dissociative disorder
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1. Multiple personality disorder
2. Psychogenic Fugue (Dissociative amnesia) |
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Define Psychogenic Fugue:
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The person assumes another identity and has no recall of their former life
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Define General Anxiety Disorders:
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Disorder that involve a state of distressing chronic but fluctuating apprehension or nervousness that is inappropriately severe for the person's circumstances.
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List some general anxiety disorders
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1. Panic Disorders
2. Phobias 3. Post traumatic Stress Disorder 4. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder 5. Separation Anxiety 6. Social Phobia |
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Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder:
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Delayed response to an extraordinary event
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Define Obsessions:
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A recurrent, intrusive, and generally persistent thoughts that are experienced by the individual as distressing and a product of one's own mind
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Define Compulsions:
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Repetitive purposeful mental or physical actions that have the purpose of reducing anxiety or tension caused by obsessions.
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What is hypochondriasis?
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A belief that real or imagined physical symptoms are signs of a serious illness- despite evidence to the contrary
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List some symptoms of hypochondriasis
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preoccupation with fear of illness
symptoms that may shift or change symptoms that may be vague or specific |
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Define dissociative disorders
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Unconscious defense mechanism that protects the individual from unregulated affect by restricting the field of consciousness.
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What are two types of dissociative disorder
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1. Multiple personality disorder
2. Psychogenic Fugue (Dissociative amnesia) |
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Define Psychogenic Fugue:
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The person assumes another identity and has no recall of their former life
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Define General Anxiety Disorders:
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Disorder that involve a state of distressing chronic but fluctuating apprehension or nervousness that is inappropriately severe for the person's circumstances.
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List some general anxiety disorders
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1. Panic Disorders
2. Phobias 3. Post traumatic Stress Disorder 4. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder 5. Separation Anxiety 6. Social Phobia |
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Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder:
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Delayed response to an extraordinary event
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Define Obsessions:
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A recurrent, intrusive, and generally persistent thoughts that are experienced by the individual as distressing and a product of one's own mind
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Define Compulsions:
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Repetitive purposeful mental or physical actions that have the purpose of reducing anxiety or tension caused by obsessions.
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What is a social phobia?
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The individual fears that he or she will be embarrassed, humiliated, or negatively evaluated
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Why is beta blocking medication sometimes given to people with anxiety disorders?
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Beta blockers block the receptors for the physical effects of a persons natural fight or flight response. May help to control somatic symptoms
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What type of personality disorder are men more frequently diagnosed?
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Antisocial and Schizoid
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What type of personality disorder are women more frequently diagnosed?
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Borderline, histrionic (dramatic & emotional to draw attention to themselves), and dependent
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A personality disorder is a significant predisposing factor for:
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substance use, suicide, affective disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders
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What is the definition of a personality disorder?
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An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture.
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In what ways are a personality disorder manifested?
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in two (or more) of:
Cognition Affectivity Interpersonal functioning Impulse control |
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T/F: A personality disorder leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
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True
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List some specific personality disorders:
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Borderlines Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Excessive suspiciousness and distrust of others expressed as a pervasive tendency to interpret actions of others as deliberately demeaning, malevolent, threatening, exploiting, or deceiving
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Hypersensitive to and unforgiving of insults, slights, and rebuffs
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasive pattern of social detachment and a restricted range of expressed emotions in interpersonal settings
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Indifference to praise and criticism
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others occuring since 15 years of age and continuing into adulthood
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, recklessness
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Pervasive sense of grandiosity, a need for admiration, lack of empathy, and chronic intense envy
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Grandiose sense of self-importance and specialness
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Pervasive and excessive self-dramatization, excessive emotionality, and attention seeking
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Pervasive and excessive inability of affects, self-image, and interpersonal relationships, as well as marked impulsivity
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to clinging behaviour, submissiveness, fear of separation, and interpersonal dependency
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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What psychiatric disorders are included in Impulse Control Disorder?
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Intermittent explosive disorder
Kleptomania Pyromania Pathological gambling Trichotillomania |
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Define Factitious Disorder
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People with factitious disorders deliberately create or exaggerate symptoms of an illness in several ways (inner need to be seen as ill or injured, not to achieve concrete benefit)
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Give an example of a factitious disorder
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Munchausen's Syndrome
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What are some symptoms associated with Munchausen's syndrome
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dramatic but inconsistent medical history
problems with identity and self esteem extensive knowledge of hospitals and/or medical terminology, as well as textbook descriptions of illnesses |
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In what type of personality disorder do you think you would find a high number of manipulative people?
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Those with Factitious Disorders |
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List some possible strategies a manipulator might use to get their way
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exaggeration of symptoms for desired diagnosis
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What are some types of delusional disorders?
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Erotomanic type
Grandiose type Jealous type Persecutory type Somatic type |
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Define Erotomanic type
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delusions that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual
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Define Grandiose type
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delusions of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person
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Define Persecutory type
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delusions that the person is being malevolently treated in some way
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Define Somatic type
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delusions that the person has some physical defect or general medical condition
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What is the most common type of organic brain disorder?
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Dementia
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Define Dementia
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Dementia is the progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal ageing
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What areas of the brain are affected by dementia?
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memory
attention language problem solving |
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List the cortical dementias
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Alzheimer's disease
Vascular dementia Alcohol induced |
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List some Subcortical dementias
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Huntington's disease
Hypothyroidism Parkinson's disease |
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What are the stages of Alzheimer's disease?
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Mild
Moderate Severe |
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What are some characteristics of Mild Alzheimer's disease?
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tendency to become less energetic or spontaneous
Changes tend to go unnoticed |
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What are some characteristics of Moderate Alzheimer's disease?
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patients may still be able to perform tasks independently (such as using the bathroom), but may need assistance with more complicated activities (paying bills)
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What are some characteristics of severe Alzheimer's disease?
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Patients not able to perform even simple tasks independently and will require constant supervision.
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What are mood disorders?
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A group of disorders that are characterised by a disturbance in moods.
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What are the most common manifestations of meed disorders?
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Depressions and Mania
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T/F
Genetics play a role in bipolar disorders |
true
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What are the classifications of mood disorders?
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Depressive disorders
Bipolar disorders Depressive disorders due to general medical condition Depressive disorders due to substance abuse |
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Which 2 symptoms must be present to be classified as a major depressive disorder?
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Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day. Feeling sad or empty, tearful
Markedly diminished interest in almost all activities, most of the day, nearly every day |
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Individuals predominantly see themselves with low self esteem, self critical, uninteresting and incapable
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Dysthymic disorder
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What is 'Reactive Depression'?
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When less than five criterion are met, usually in reaction to specific events
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List some somatic symptoms of depression
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Sleep disturbance
Fatigue Headache Anorexia Weight change Constipation |
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What are the essential criteria for Bipolar Disorder?
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1. Major depressive episodes with manic episodes
2. Manic disorders associated with major depressive episodes |
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Define Mixed disorders
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Manic episodes comprise a distinct period of abnormality and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, lasting 1 week or more.
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Define eating disorders
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An eating disorder is a complex compulsion to eat, or not eat, in a way which disturbs physical and mental health
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Bruxism:
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The sufferer involuntarily grinds or clenches their teeth while sleeping
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Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
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A sleep disorder of circadian rhythm, characterized by the inability to wake up and fall asleep at desired times
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Narcolepsy
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The condition of falling asleep spontaneously and unwillingly at inappropriate times
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Periodic limb movement disorder
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Sudden involuntary movement or arms and/or legs during sleep
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Sleep apnoea:
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Obstruction of the airway during sleep, causing loud snoring and sudden awakening when breathing stops. This is recognised as significant factor in development of cardiovascular disease/depression/sexual dysfunction
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List some problems that can affect sleep:
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back pain
chronic pain sciatica neck problems |
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What is a paraphilia?
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Sexual disorder
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What are the essential features of Paraphilia?
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Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours involving;
1. nonhuman objects 2. the suffering or humiliation of oneself or ones partner 3. children or other nonconsenting persons |
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What are the two main symptoms of psychosis?
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Delusions
Hallucinations |
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Define Schizophrenia
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A disorder charcterised by delusions, hallucinations and disturbances in affect, content, and form of thought that persists for more than six months.
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What is the most serious disease in terms of chronicity and disability?
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Schizophrenia
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What is the average age of onset for schizophrenia?
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18 in men, 25 in women
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T/F There is a hereditary link in schizophrenia
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True
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What are some categories of schizophrenia?
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Paranoid
Catatonic Hebephrenic |
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Describe thought insertion:
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.
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Describe Thought broadcasting:
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.
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Describe Passivity feelings
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.
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Describe Auditory hallucinations:
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.
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Specify at least three types of thought disorder
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.
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Define Poverty of speech
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.
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What is the flat affect?
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.
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Give examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia
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Hallucinations
Delusions Ore Bizarre Disorganized thinking and behaviour |
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Give some examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
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Paucity of speech
Paucity of thought content Apathy Avolition Flat affect |
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What are the 5 types of causes of Nutritional Disorders
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Quantitative dietary deficiency (starvation)
Qualitative dietary deficiency (malnutrition) Quantitative over-nutrition (obesity) Qualitative over-nutrition (hypervitaminosis) Effects of natural toxins in food |
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What are some Pathological conditions resulting in nutritional disorders?
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Defective food intake
Defective digestion and absorption Defective utilisation Loss of nutrients from the body Increased nutritional needs |
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List some examples of Defective food intake
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Anorexia
Persistent vomiting Food fads Unbalanced therapeutic diets Prolonged parenteral feeding |
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List some examples of Defective digestion and absorption
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Achlorhydria
Short bowel due to surgical removal Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy Pancreatic, liver, or gall-bladder disease |
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List some examples of Defective utilisation
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Cirrhosis of the liver
Prolonged infections Renal failure |
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How does renal failure cause defective utilisation of nutrients?
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Vitamin D is not converted into active form
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How does cirrhosis of the liver cause defective utilisation of nutrients?
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Interferes with protein metabolism leading to vitamin K deficiency
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List some ways there are loss of nutrients from the body:
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Nephrotic syndrome
Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus Menorrhagia Chronic or severe diarrhoea |
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In what instances are increased nutritional needs required?
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Pregnancy and lactation
Adolescents Those engaged in hard, physical labour Fever Hyperthyroidism Burns, fractures, and post operative patients |
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What are some causes of under-nutrition and starvation?
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Famine
Severe disease of the GIT (e.g. oesophageal cancer) Toxaemia preventing normal metabolism of nutrients. |
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List some clinical features of under-nutrition and starvation
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Body wasting with loss of muscle and fat.
Failure to thrive in children Skin lax, dry, inelastic, hair dull, dry, eyes dull Atrophy of small intestine Mild anaemia Oedema due to hypoalbuminemia |
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What does PCM stand for?
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Protein Calorie Malnutrition
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When might you see PCM?
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In early childhood
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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High mortality deficiency disease meaning 'red boy'
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What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?
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Lack of tissue development
Muscles poorly developed & lack tone Severe Oedema Potbelly Swollen legs and face Anorexia & diarrhoea Wimpering, but does not scream or cry Child not interested or curious about surrounding, but remains seated when put down. |
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What is Marasmus?
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Severe growth failure and emaciation
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What is the most common nutritional disorder in affluent societies?
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Obesity
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Define obesity
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Abnormal accumulation of fat in stores of adipose tissue throughout the body
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What percentage more than the desirable weight is Mild Obesity?
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20-40%
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What percentage more than the desirable weight is Moderate Obesity?
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41-100% overweight
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What percentage more than the desirable weight is Severe Obesity?
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> 100% overweight
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What are some causes of Obesity?
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Genetics
Environmental factors Sex Physical activity Energy balance Endocrine factors Psychological factors |
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What are some endocrine factors of obesity?
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Cushing's syndrome
Hypothyroidism |
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What are some complications of obesity?
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Mechanical disability
Metabolic disorders Cardiovascular disorders Decreased life expectancy Psychological repercussions |
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What are the 3 groups of macronutrients?
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Carbohydrates
Fats Protiens |
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What are the 2 groups of micronutrients?
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vitamins
minerals |
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List the fat soluble vitamins
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A,D,E,K
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Where are the fat soluble vitamins stored?
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In the liver and fatty tissue of the body
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In what ways are vitamins sensitive?
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Cooking at temperatures
Cooking time Storage |
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How many stages of vitamin deficiency are there?
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Five
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Blood levels or one or more vitamins remain lower than average until the body reserves of these vitamins are depleted
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Stage 1 Vitamin deficiency
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The biochemical stage, where there is evidence of some interference with normal biochemical functions
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Stage 2 Vitamin deficiency
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The physiological stage, when deficiency symptoms become apparent; behavioural and personality changes begin to show
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Stage 3 Vitamin deficiency
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The clinical stage; classical deficiency symptoms are recognisable
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Stage 4 Vitamin deficiency
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Anatomical stage in which all the disturbances of acute deficiency are found, and immediate treatment is necessary to save live
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Stage 5 Vitamin deficiency
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What are some non-specific symptoms that marginal deficiencies might produce?
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Loss of appetite
Lethargy Fatigue Irritability Lack of concentration Insomnia |
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Who is at risk of having depleted vitamin stores?
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Teenagers
Pregnant and breast feeding women Elderly people Fad diets Smokers Alcohol abusers Women on oral contraceptives |
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List the essential minerals
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Calcium
Sodium Chlorine Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Iron Zinc Iodine Manganese Cobalt Copper Selenium Chromium |
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What are some factors contributing to environmental disease?
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Overpopulation
Reliance on fossil fuel political unrest industrialization |
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What type of substances do we associate with air pollution?
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CO2, NO2, tobacco smoke, petrol fumes
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What is Pneumoconiosis?
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The presence of dust in the lung and the reaction of the lung to it.
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What are the most significant pneumoconiosis?
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1) Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
2) Silicosis 3) Asbestosis 4) Berylliosis |
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The development of pneumoconiosis is dependent on:
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1) The amount of dust retained in the lungs
2) The size and shape of the particles 3) The solubility and cytotoxicity of the particles |
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What does CWP stand for?
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Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis
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What is CWP?
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A disease that arises in people exposed to coal dust over many years. (Pulmonary disease)
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How is suspected CWP confirmed?
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Abnormalities called 'tattooing' in chest X-ray
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What symptoms might be present is CWP?
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Dry cough
exertional dyspnoea may progress to coal dust laden sputum |
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What symptoms would suggest a rupture to the lung cavity in CWP?
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Jet back sputum
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Where might silica dust be encountered?
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In the mining of gold, tin, copper, stone cutting and polishing, glass manufacture, foundry work, sand blasting and pottery or porcelain fabrication.
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What is dangerous about the inhalation of silica?
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Silica causes macrophage breakdown
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T/F there is a chronic & acute form of silicosis
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True
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The chronic/acute form of silicosis has a better prognosis
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Chronic
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How is diagnosis of Silicosis confirmed?
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by chest X-ray
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What are the three main types of asbestos?
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white, brown, and blue
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What are the most dangerous types of asbestos?
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Brown and Blue
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What are the symptoms of asbestosis?
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Increased breathlessness, especially on exertion
Coughing Chest pain Tightness in the chest Heart failure clubbing of fingers |
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Describe the mechanism of scarring in asbestosis
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Macrophage phagocytoses asbestos fibre --> unable to break down --> more macrohpages arrive to help --> level of activity causes scarring
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What is Berylliosis?
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Exposure to Beryllium (metallic element found in rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust) that causes respiratory disease
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What industries is Beryllium still used?
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Electronics
Fibre optics Mining nuclear weapons and reactors reclaiming scrap metal Space and atomic engineering dental and laboratory technology |
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T/F there is an acute & chronic form of Berylliosis
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True
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What are some symptoms of acute Berylliosis?
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Weight loss
Coughing Shortness of breath Rhinitis Pharyngitis |
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Define chronic Berylliosis
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Systemic disease that causes formation of abnormal lung tissue and enlargement of the lymph nodes
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List some other dust diseases
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Asthma
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Siderosis |
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Define Siderosis
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disease caused by the inhalation of iron particles
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List some chemicals that when inhaled can cause injury or death
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Carbon monoxide
Kerosene Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride |
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Why is Carbon Monoxide so dangerous?
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CO has a high affinity for haemoglobin and will bind to it more readily than oxygen. It will thus asphyxiate the unfortunate healer very quickly
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In what ways are kerosene dangerous?
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Kerosene has a narcotic effect causing drowsiness or sleep- the person sleeps while the respiratory symptoms progress
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How does Chloroform and Carbon tetrachloride cause adverse effects?
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Accidental poisoning affects the liver causing fatty change and necrosis of the liver.
Also, CNS depression. |
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List the two categories of Insecticides
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Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Organophosphorous compounds |
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DDT, Aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, hepatachlor, and lindane are examples of:
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Chlorinated hydrocarbons
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Malathion and parathion are examples of:
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Organophosphorous compounds
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In what ways might Chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphorous compounds be absorbed in the body?
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Via respiratory, skin, or gastrointestinal routes
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Organophosphourous compounds and Chlorinated hydrocarbons are lipophobic/lipophilic
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Lipophilic
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Chlorinated hydrocarbons principally affect CNS/ANS
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CNS
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List some symptoms of Chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicity
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hyper-excitability, followed by delirium and convulsions
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