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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 causes for low farrowing rates with noninfectious problems in a breeding herd.
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1. Low conception rates (21 day returns to estrus after mating; irregular retuns to estrus after mating)
2. Noninfectious abortion 3. Pseudopregnancy |
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In which days of pregnancy does 1ry maternal recognition occur?
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10-15 dd
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In which days of Pregnancy do Pseudopregnancy or Irregular Returns (Abortion) occur?
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15-35 dd
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When does mineralization of the fetus occur and what is the importance of this?
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35-40 dd
Fetus will not reabsorb if abortion occurs; mummification will occur. |
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_________rates are important for farrowing rates.
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Conception
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When do mummifications/abortions and stillbirths occur?
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Mummies/Abortion: after 40 dd
Stillbirths: 111d |
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Name two main causes of infertility that lead to low farrowing rates.
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Conception Failure
Pregnancy Failure |
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What is the #1 cause of Pregnancy Failure? Conception Failure?
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Pregnancy Failure: Infectious causes
Conception Failure: Management |
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What is the average and ideal farrowing rate?
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80% (ideal: 90%)
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Name some solutions to deal with Low Farrowing Rates.
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1. Improve estrus detection techniques.
2. Improve breeding program. 3. Overbreed (increase # of animals) 4. Blame infectious agents. |
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What is the definition of irregular return to estrus?
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Return to estrus after mating in 26-37 dd.
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If you have low farrowing rates in your farm, you first need to determine if your decrease in rates are due to problems with _______ or ________.
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Infertility or High female turnover (culling).
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Reproductive problems, such as increased mummies/stillborns or abortions, often are indicative of ________ dz's.
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Infectious
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Name some noninfectious factors influencing a decrease in conception rates with regular returns to estrus.
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1. Parity (gilts and primiparous)
2. Season (summer) 3. Boar use (overuse and under use) 4. AI (semen preparation) 5. Environment (High temp) 6. Heat detection/Breeding Procedures 7. Housing (gestation crates: "bed rest"). |
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What are some corrective procedures for low conception rates with regular returns to estrus?
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1. Improve breeding procedures and timing of matings.
2. Optimize boar exposure 3. Evaluate fertility of boars. 4. Follow guidelines for boar usage or semen collection. |
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Name some factors influencing irregular returns to estrus
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1. Parity (lower parity animals)
2. Season (summer) 3. Interval from breeding until return to estrus. 4. Infectious agents 5. Mycotoxins (zearalenone toxicity) |
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What are some ways to evaluate irregular returns to estrus?
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1. Determine when returns are actually occurring (detailed records).
2. US pregnancy testing 3. Slaughterhouse check ( repro tracts |
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When you have irregular returns to estrus in your farm what general category of problems should you consider?
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NON-INFECTIOUS
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What is known as Autumn Abortion Syndrome (AAS)?
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Non-infectious abortion during late summer-early fall (Sep-Oct).
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In which stages of abortions does AAS occur?
Name some CS and infectious agents. |
Any stage of pregnancy
No CS Infectious agents (Leptospirosis; Mice: Seasonal) |
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What is the definition of a Not-In-Pig (NIP) Sow?
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Is a sow that fails to farrow after an assumed normal gestation.
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What is the definition of Pseudopregnancy?
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Sows that return to estrus after 50 (?) days of presumed gestation.
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Name some infectious agents and non-infectious causes of Pseudopregnancy.
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Infectious: Porcine Parvovirus (PPV); PRRS
Non-infectious: Heat stress; Regrouping sows after breeding; Zearalenone toxicity |
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In which seasons are Pseudopregnancies and NIP more common?
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late fall-early winter
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What is considered a normal number of stillbirths in a litter?
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1
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When we think about noninfectious causes of stillbirths, we should think....
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EXTREMES!!
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Which two types of sows have substantially higher stillbirth rates?
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Gilts
High parity sows |
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Room temperatures exceeding______ degrees have been associated w/ elevated stillbirth rates.
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80F
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What is the normal gestation length of a sow?
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~115 dd
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Sows w/ which two gestation lengths have increased numbers of stillborn pigs?
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-prolonged gestations (>117dd)
-relatively early (<112 dd) |
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Sows with ______farrowing durations have higher stillbirth rates.
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Prolonged (>8hrs)
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What is the minimum amount of minutes that you should wait before intervening during the farrowing process?
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15 min
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What size of piglets are more likely to be stillborn?
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-Large pigs (>4 lb)
-Small pigs (<2.25lb) |
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Sows in which BC have higher stillbirth rates?
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-over-conditioned
-thin sows |
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Which nutritional supplements MAY decrease stillbirth rates?
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-Choline
-Blended animal fat |
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What nutritional deficiency may be associated w/ prolonged farrowings and increased stillbirth rates?
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Calcium (hypocalcemia)
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Which noxious gass can cause cherry red blood and increase stillbirths in sows?
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Carbon monoxide
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What percentage of a breeding group with abnormal vulvar discharges is considered a problem?
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5-10%
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Urogenital infections are typically observed as a __________ _________ discharge.
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purulent vulvar discharge
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Which urinary tract pathologic discharge is common in young castrated males?
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urolithiasis
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T/F It is common to note the presence of fresh blood on the vulva of sows or gilts.
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True
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A purulent vulvar discharge at ___to __dd after breeding typically is indicative of a uterine infection.
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14-20dd
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Sows bred ____ during estrus are more ssuceptible to post-breeding purulent discharges.
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late (ofter 3rd mating)
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Name the specific pathogen and tx for post-breeding purulent discharges in sows.
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No specific pathogen nor tx.
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What is the most common option (management wise) for an animal w/ a purulent discharge at 14-20 dd after breeding?
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Cull them (low prognosis)
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What percentage of gilts have a dorsoventral band?
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50%
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Subclinical manifestations are (common/uncommon) with urinary tract infections in sows.
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Common
(urinalysis needed for detection most of the time) |
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Name some CS for urinary tract infections as the infection progresses.
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-abnormal urination
-stranguria -abnormal vulvar discharge (during final phase of urination) -hematuria -inappetance -pyrexia |
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What is the normal specific gravity of a sow?
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<1.010
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Prevalance of urinary tract infections
Sows in crates with drinkers have the _______(highest/lowest) prevalence; sows in large lots have the _________ (hightest/lowest) prevalence. |
Crates-lowest
Large lots-highest |
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Name tx plan for UTI
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-unrestricted access to water
-broad spectrum Ab's (tetracycline; ampicillin) -aspirin/banamine (decrease body temp) |
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Stillbirths tend to increase by what percentage when encountered with infectious reproductive dz's?
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15% or all of the litter
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Clinical problems w/ infectious reproductive dz's are limited to how many pregnancies for all the sows in the herd?
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A single pregnancy (get immunity afterwards)
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What would cause a recurrence of infectious reproductive dz's?
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-naive animals introduced into the herd
-herd loses immunity -overwhelming re-exposure to the agent |
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If doing a diagnostic test on a piglet, what would you look for (Ab/Ag) in a piglet:
<70 dd >70 dd |
Ag (<70 dd)
Ab (>70dd) |
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What kind of virus is PRRSV?
Which serotype is more virulent? |
Arterivirus- RNA virus
US (Lelystad-European is less virulent) |
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Name methods of transmission for PRRSV from most important to less.
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-Pig-pig
-Mechanical vectors -Aerosol -Semen |
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Which stages of pregnancy does PRRSV affect?
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Middle-Last trimester
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You own a farm of breeding sows and you notice that they have been off feed, markedly depressed and febrile for a couple of days. Suddenly your sows that are in their 80th day of gestation start aborting... which infectious dz are you suspicious it could be?
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PRRSV
Leptospirosis |
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What is a common CS for piglets with PRRSV soon after birth?
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-"Thumping" or labored breathing.
-Are usually a result of 2ry bacterial infections. -Preweaning mortality ranges from 15-50%. |
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If a PRRSV attack re-occurs, what CS would you see in sows and fetuses that have current immunity.
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Sows- no CS
Fetuses- still susceptible (abortions, stillbirths, mummies, weak-born piglets) |
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What are some CS for "Acute" PRRS?
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Sow illness and death in vx or previously infected herds.
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What pathological findings might you encounter in a sow that has just aborted due to PRRSV?
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-placentitis
-umbilical cord vasculitis |
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Which tissues might you want to sample from a newborn piglet that was born viremic due to PRRSV? What might you test for (Ab/Ag)?
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-thymus
-spleen -l.n.'s -Ag |
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What pathological findings might you encounter in a post-natal pig with PRRSV?
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-interstitial viral penumonia
-enlarged l.n.'s |
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PRRSV is identified almost exclusively in which cells?
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MP's
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Name which serology tests might you use to diagnose PRRSV?
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-ELISA
-SN -immunofluorescent Ab assay |
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Virus isolation of PRRSV is best performed in which tissues?
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-serum
-tonsils -bronchiolar lavage MP's |
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Which is one of the most sensitive tests for PRRSV?
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Immunohistochemistry of lung tissue.
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Name the best way to control preweaning mortality with PRRSV?
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Control pre-weaning mortality
-prevent cross-fostering -foster only to functional teats -All in All out -euthanize moribund and non-responsive piglets |
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Name some prevention methods for PRRSV.
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-isolate all new breeding stock for 60dd
-MLVx (not in naive herds) -do not continously add PRRSV-free gilts to breeding herd -expose all breeding animals during outbreak |
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What CS will you NOT see with Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?
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-diarrhea
-abortions |
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Which animals are usually affected by PPV?
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Gilts litters
(infection and damage only of fetus) |
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What does SMEDI stand for?
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S- stillbirths
M- mummies E- embryonic D- death I- infertility |
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What diagnostic test and samples would you use to diagnose PPV in mummies <70 dd?
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Fluorescent Ab test (test for Ag)
-lung -hemagglutination of guinea pig RBCs by lung and viscera homogenates |
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What diagnostic test and samples would you use to diagnose PPV in mummies >70 dd or stillbirths?
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-test for Ab
-serum -CSF -thoracic fluids |
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Name Tx and Prevention methods for PPV.
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-no Tx
-Vx of gilts 2x b4 mating |
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What is the most important way of transmission w PRV?
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pig to pig transmission
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Pseudorabies
Which age groups can be affected? Which one shows more severe CS? |
-All age groups
-suckling piglets |
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Are abortions and fetal mummifications very common with PRV?
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Not really (less than 10% of cases)
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Pseudorabies (PRV) can cause fatal infection of all mammals except________
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primates
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Which CS become more maked and which ones nearly disappear as the age of the pig increases?
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-Respiratory signs become more marked
-CNS signs disappear |
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What CS would you see in a sow w Pseudorabies (PRV)?
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-pyrexia
-rhinitis -abortions |
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Name some diagnostic tests for Pseudorabies.
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-Virus isolation (tonsil or lung)
-Fluorescent Ab testing (tonsil or brain) -ELISA |
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Name the two most important bacterial agents involved in swine reproductive dz.
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-Leptospirosis
-Brucella suis |
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Leptospirosis and Brucella suis are both _________ dz's
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ZOONOTIC
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Explain the transmission of Leptospirosis
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-via urine contaminated water (racoons, skunks, rodents)
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Explain the pathogenesis and CS of leptospirosis
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-Pathogenesis (fetal infection after leptospiremia of sow)
-CS Sow (late-terminal abortions) -CS piglets (weak-born, squealing or stillborn, curled up claws) |
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Name some Diagnostic tests for Leptospirosis.
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-Isolation or darkfield microscopy (fetus stomach contents)
-Paired serology (take blood samples at time of abortions) |
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Tx and Prevention for Leptospirosis
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Tx
-Tetracycline (400 gm/ton) -Revaccinate in outbreak Prevention -secure water and feed sources -vx b4 mating |
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As opposed to Leptospirosis, Brucella suis can occur when during gestation?
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ANY time (vs. late gestation)
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Which two dz's cause late-term abortions?
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PRRSV and Lepto
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Which two reproductive dz's cause abortions at any time during gestation?
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PRV and Brucella
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In which dz do we tend to see same size mummies w/in litters and w/in week's farrowing?
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PRRSV
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In which dz do we see many different sizes of mummies w/in litters and often first sign recognized by producer?
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PPV
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With which respiratory dz's do we see
-anorexia -febrile -depression |
PRRSV
PRV |
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Do we see mummies with Leptospirosis?
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No!!
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What kind of virus is Swine Influenza?
What type is it? |
RNA viurs
Type A |
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Dry hacking non-productive cough, normal pigs with no depression might make you suspicious of....
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
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Productive cough and depressed pigs with pyrexia might make you suspicious of......
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Swine Influenza
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In which season is Influenza more common?
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Winter (less common during the summer)
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Why is the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase so important in a virus?
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It will determine its virulence. (determine which virus we are dealing with)
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Swine Influenza
____hemagglutinin ____neuraminidase |
15 hemagglutinin
9 neuraminidase |
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What kind of lung lesions would you see with Swine Influenza?
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-Cranioventral to patchy diffuse penumonia
-interlobular edema -fibrinous exudate in bronchi |
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What lesions (in other organs besides lungs) might you see with Swine Influenza?
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-gastric ulcers
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How is the transmission of Swine Influenza?
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-pig-pig
-transmitted in semen (14 dd after infection) -people-pigs -waterfowl-pigs -biting flies |
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Would you make a diagnosis of Swine Influenza by just pathological findings?
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No!!
Take formalized and fresh samples of lungs and submit them to a lab |
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Name some diagnostic tests fro Swine Influenza.
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-Rapid tissue test
-Immunohistochemistry -Sequencing -Nasal swabs (dead and live animals) |
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What new measures have been taken to control Swine Influenza?
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-nasal swabing during summer time
-isolate specific virus and get it typed -make vaccines -Commercial vx's not used as much anymore -high compliance human vaccination programs |
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What CS would you see in sows with Swine Influenza?
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Abortions (due to high fevers)
Productive cough Depressed |
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Would you give Swine Influenza Vx to 3 wk pigs?
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No
Vx plan: -1st dose at nursery (8-9 wks) -2nd dose at finishing phase |
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What is the most common pathological lesions seen with APP?
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necrotizing pleuropneumonia
-fibrinous pleuritis -hemorrhage -lung abscesses -lungs are adhered to rib cage (causes trim outs; hard to clean during slaughter) |
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What is the mecanism of dz for APP that causes pigs to become so sick?
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produces endotoxins (LPS) and exotoxins (RTX)
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The lower the number of the serotype, the more _______ it is.
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Severe
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What are some CS seen with APP in swine?
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Type 1:
-20-40% mortality, coughing, erosions through the blood vessels (cough up blood when about to die) |
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How would you diagnose APP?
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-Hx (acute deaths)
-lung lesions and pleuritis -CULTURE (ideal diagnostic tech) |
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What is your differential list when suspecting APP?
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-Pasteurella
-Salmonella -Actinobacillus -Porcine Respiratory Dz Complex (PRDC) |
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What control measures would you take with APP?
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-RTX based vx
-depopulation (sows: they're your carriers) and repopulate w negative animals |
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What pathological finding is very common with TB?
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caseous lymphadenitis
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Infected pigs with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are contagious for only ____ months post infection.
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10 mm
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What is the common lung lesion for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
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anterior-ventral consolidation (firm and rubbery)
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Which two diagnostic techniques are the standard for diagnosis for Mycoplasma hyopmenumoniae?
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-Immunohistochemistry
-Fluorescent Ab |
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Name some control measures against Mycoplasma.
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-Stock negative females
-Repopulation -Rollovers -Medicate early weaning (antimicrobials) -Functional biosecurity |
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PCV2 ihas been a dz of ______pigs in Europe but the syndrome is predominately associated w/ ________pigs in the US
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Europe- nursery pigs
US- older growing pigs |
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_______exposure is thought to be the common route of spread for PCV2.
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Oronasal
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PCV2 is present in all ________ and ________ of all infected pigs.
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secretions and excretions
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Name some gross lesions seen with PCV2.
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-lymphadenopathy (bigger l.n.s than PRRS)
-interstitial pneumonia -wet lungs -ascites -thymic atrophy -R heart enlargement -enlargement of kidney and spleen |
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Name some classical CS for PCV2.
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-stupor
-growth retardation -purple discoloration of the skin |
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How would you diagnose PCV2?
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-CS (growth retardation)
-high case mortality rates -lymphadenopathy (mandibular and inguinal) -lymphocyte depletion -presence of viral inclusions in tissue lesions |
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Name what might be used as a control measure for PCV2.
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3 PCV2 vx's (pigs >3 wks)
$$$$$ |
