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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are four reasons for low farrowing rates?
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1. Low conception rates: 21 d return
2. Low conception rates: irregular return 3. Non infectious abortion 4. Pseudopregnancy |
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List five noninfectious factors for low farrowing
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Parity
Season Environment Genetics Breeding management |
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When (during pregnancy) do you have primary maternal recognition of pregnancy?
What about mineralization? |
1. 10-15d
2. 35-40d |
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Name some reasons for conception failure
Name some reasons for pregnancy failure |
Conception failure: management, mycotoxins, reproductive disease, boar/semen, temperatures, farrow to service interval, parity
Pregnancy failure: systemic disease, environment/facilities |
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How do you manage low farrowing rates?
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Improve estrus detection techniques
Improve breeding program* (careful) Overbreed Blame infectious agents |
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Case: Sows are experiencing high fever and rhinitis. In addition, there has been an increase in abortions and mummies. Of the piglets that are born, most are weak and a few have CNS signs. Some of your finishers have resiratory signs
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Pseudorabies (PRV)
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Necropsy: Viral pneumonia and encephalitis , Focal necrosis of lung/liver/tonsil/brain , Placentitis, Fetal infection
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Pseudorabies
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How do you diagnose pseudorabies?
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Serology (Ab)
VI (tonsil or lung) Fab (tonsil or brain) Histopath (brain) |
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How do you treat pseudorabies?
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NONE for neonates
Infected herds: quarantine/depopulate |
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What can you do to control an outbreak of pseudorabies?
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Gene-deleted vaccine
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How is pseudorabies transmitted?
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Pig-pig!
Also: fomites, dogs Not in semen |
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What can you get from urine contaminated water from feral animals/rodents
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Lepto interrogans (pomona is the big one)
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Case: Sows give birth to weak-born piglets. They have a distinctive high-pitched squeal. On necropsy, there are NO lesions in the majority of the pigs, but a few have mottled kidneys.
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Lepto
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What samples do you submit to Iowa State for Lepto check? How do they check?
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1. Aborted fetus and placenta
2. Isolation, darkfield microscopy, Fab 3. Paired serology with increase 4x titers |
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What do you do when you suspect Lepto in your herd?
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Revaccinate the herd while waiting for diagnostic results
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How do you prevent Lepto?
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1. Secure feed and water sources
2. Control rodents/wildlife 3. Vaccinate breeding stock before each breeding (MC vaccine = 6-way Lepto + PPV + Erisypelas |
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This is an acute and highly infectious single strand RNA viral disease of pigs. It has 15 hemagglitinin and 9 neuaminidase glycoprotein spikes
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Swine Influenza
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Case: You have a group of pigs. The temperature got really low a few days ago and chilled the pigs. Now they have a cough that is deep and productive. They are all very depressed and have high temperatures
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Swine Influenza
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Why do we worry about Swine Influenza?
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Antigenic drift from pig to human (also worry about human to pig in industry)
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What is the primary way to diagnose Swine Influenza?
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Fresh and formalized tissue samples: Immunohistochemistry*preferred
Virus Isolation from nasal swabs and sequencing (expensive) Note: can swab live or post acute pigs |
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Necropsy: You notice a tropism for the bronchial epithelium. There is cranioventral to pathy diffuse pneumonia, interlobular edema, and fibrinous exudate in bronchi. A few pigs had gastric ulcers.
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Swine Influenza
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How do you control Swine Influenza?
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VERY HARD
Extensive monitoring (nasal swabs-typed) Continuously updated autogenous vaccine –but 90d USDA approval (commercial just won’t cover all strains) BIOSECURITY DOES NOT WORK High compliance human vaccination Breeding herd vacc-b/c high fever can lead to abortions |
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What are two potential problems why a swine influenza vaccine would not work
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Maternal Ab interference from vaccinating too early
Vaccinating for the wrong strain |
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What is the causative agent of necrotizing pleuropneumonia in pigs
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
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True/False: APP serologic tests are effective in diagnosing
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FALSE-unreliable and misleading
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What are the two types of toxins produced by APP?
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LPS: Endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide)
RTX: Exotoxin (Cytotoxin) |
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True/False: With APP, carriers are common after recovery
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True
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What serotypes of APP are most virulent?
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1 & 5
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Case: Pigs with rapid onset, acute death. Some CS of pigs were cyanoisis, mouth breathing, gasping and blood tinged froth from nostrils. On necropsy, there is extensive fibrinous pleuritis (adhered to ribcage in some cases) and some abscessation of the lungs
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APP
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What is the ideal diagnostic technique for APP
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Culture ID
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How could you save a pig herd with APP?
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Water medicate-tetracyclines (broad) Inject ceftiofur in clinically affected (or all bigs in that pen or barn) and walk through 2x/day b/c disease progresses so quickly
OTHERWISE: Depopulate when highly virulent and reopulate breeding herd with negative animals |
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You were convinced you had APP. However, you noticed some skin lesions that appear similar to erisipelas like lesions. What might you have?
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Actinobacillus suis
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Necropsy: You have lung abcesses. List several differentials.
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PRRS
APP Salmonella Mycoplasma Influenza PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex) |
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This is a zoonotic disease that causes abortion at ANY time during gestations? Pigs will also have poor conception rates after abortion or irregular returns.
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Brucella suis
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Factors affecting irregular return to estrus (26-37d post mating)
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Parity
Season Infectious agents (parvo, PRRS) Mycotoxins (zearalenone) |
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Factors affecting 21d return to estrus
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Parity
Season Boar Use Environment/Housing Heat detection/breeding procedure |
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How can you correct low conceptions rates due to 21d return to estrus
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Improve breeding procedures
Optimize boar exposure for estrus detection # matings/estrus |
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How can you correct low conception rates due to irregular return to estrus
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Records
Ultrasound pregnancy testing Abattoir exam |
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Typical duration of estrus for a sow?
For a gilt? |
Sow: 36-72hrs
Gilts: 36hrs |
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Two infectious agents that can cause irregular return to estrus
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Parvovirus, PRRS
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What can cause an artificially low farrowing rate
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Culling of animals due to lameness, etc
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What is the noninfectious cause of abortion?
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Autumn Abortion Syndrome
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What noninfecitous cause of abortion shows no CS in the sow and can occur at any stage of gestation.
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Autumn Abortion Syndrome
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What is the etiology of Autumn Abortion Syndrome
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Environmental temperature fluctuations and Marginal energy balance
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What do you call a full length "pregnacy" that fails to farrow at the end?
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Not-In-Pig Sow
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About when does a pig return to estrus for a pseudopregancy
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about 50d
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When are the embryos resorbed in psuedopregnancy?
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After MRP (10-15d) but before minerlization
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What are some Ddx for pseudopregnancy?
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Parvovirus
Heat stress at implantation Regrouping sows after breeding Zealalenone toxicity |
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What causes uterine edema and "purple glycoprotien" endometrial secretions?
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Zearalenone toxicity
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When are psuedopregnancy and NIP most common?
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Nov-Jan (after summer matings)
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Two reproductive viruses that will show signs in sow normally
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PRRS and pseudorabies
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How can you correct psudopregnancy and NIP
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Slaughterhouse exam to confirm
Feed analysis for mycotoxins Assess animal flow and stressors PG injections (CAREFUL!) |
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#1 virus pathogen in US in pigs
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PRRS
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Samples to take for PRRS
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Tonsil, lung, serum
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Primary transmission for PRRS
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Pig-Pig = #1
Also mechanical (blood), aerosol, fomites, shed in semen |
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Name three factors influencing stillbrith rates
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Parity
Litter size Room temperature Gestation length Farrowing process Piglet Size Sow Condition Noxious gasses |
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When are normal vaginal discharges expected in a sow? How about a prepubescent gilt?
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Sow: estrus, service/mating, post farrowing, urine
Prepubescent gilt: NO normal discharge |
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What are abnormal discharges or urogenital infections in sows
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Endometritis/metritis
Vaginitis Blood Cystitis/pyelonephritis Crystalluria Urolithiasis |
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What repro disease causes no CS in the sow?
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Parvovirus
rare CS in sows with Lepto |
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What predisposes to post-breeding discharge?
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Forced 3rd mating late in estrus
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What disease is biosecurity not helpful
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Swine Influenza
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What disease do you have if you have piglets with high-pitched squealing and curled up toes?
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Lepto
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What would be a cause for "virgin" gilt discharges
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dorsal-ventral bands in cervical os "persistent hymen"
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What do you do with a pig that has post-breeding discharge
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CULL
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What is the pathogenesis of UTIs
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bacteria-->ascending infection
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Which disease has a vaccine that helped eradicate it?
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Pseudorabies-gene deleted vaccine was excellent control in outbreaks (could differentiate infected from vaccinated)
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#1 tissue to sample for a pseudorabies virus
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palantine tonsils
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When do you wean pigs
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about 8 weeks
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What kind of virus is psuedorabies
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Herpesvirus
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What is the normal USG in a sow
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1.010
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Producer calls and says he had a sow that just aborted and he asks you for advice on what to do with her-what do you say?
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Don't want to breed on 1st estrus..breed her on estrus after that
No breeding on 1st estrus after abortion |
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Which disease has umbilical cord vasculitis that is larger than your finger?
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PRRS
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Guy has a herd that is a PRRS free herd but they are worried about it. Should they vaccinate?
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NO-do not vaccinate because the vaccine is MLV...it modifies itself later and then becomes live
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Which disease historically causes ears to turn blue
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PRRS
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What should you do if you get a diagnosis of Pseudorabies
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REPORT IT
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What type of water delivery system is more likely to cause UTIs
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common water trough
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What can cause a reoccurence of infectious reproductive disease?
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Introduce naive animals
herd loses immunity Overwhelming re-exposure |
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Normal respiratory rate of pig
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15-20
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What are the two major serotypes in PRRS
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US and Lelystad
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Two diseases that cause blue ears
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Salmonella and PRRS
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Want to know if you have Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae. How do you tell?
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History, CS and gross lesions are very typical
To test prevalence in a commercial farm: ELISA unless vaccinated |
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Diagnositics for Swine Influenza
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Formalized and fresh tissue sample for immunohistochemisty
Nasal swabs |
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Two reasons for vaccination failure of Swine Influenza
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Maternal ab interference
Vaccinated with wrong strain |
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What is the best way to get rid of APP?
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Depopulate
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In what disease do you not want to cross-foster your piglets
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PRRS because pigs are born viremic
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In piglets with PRRS, what is the attributing factor for CS?
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Secondary infections
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What causes late term abortions?
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PRRS
Lepto (mid-late) |
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What causes abortions at any stage of gestation?
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Pseudorabies
Brucella |
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With what disease will you see stillbirths after abortions and before mummies?
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PRRS
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Disease that DOESN'T cause abortions
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Parvovirus
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What disease causes stillborns with abortions and after (no elevation in mummies)
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Lepto
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You have mummies that are all approximatley the same size in litters. What disease might this be?
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PRRS
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You have mummies that are many different sizes within a litter. What disease might you have?
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Parvovirus
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You have early abortions due to irregular returns. These same animals cycle but fail to conceive. What disease might cause this?
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Brucella
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You have irregular returns primarily in your gilt population. On subsequent matings, they are fertile. What disease might you have had?
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Parvovirus (PPV)
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I say SMEDI, you say...
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Parvovirus (PPV)
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Acute/Atypical PRRS =
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Sow Abortion and Mortality Syndrome
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What is the gold standard for PRRS diagnosis
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Immunohistochemistry on lung tissue
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True/False: There are NO current methods to minimize fetal losses once an outbreak of PRRS begins
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True
Control beforehand: preweaning mortality through piglet management *stop cross fostering, euthanize sick, all-in-all-out |
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How would you test a mummy that was less than 70d for PPV?
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Test for ANTIGEN by FA of lung
Fetus is not immunocompetent |
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How would you test a mummy that was older than 70d or was stillborn for PPV?
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ANTIBODY in serum, CSF, or thoracic fluid
fetus is immunocompetent at this point |
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How do you prevent PPV?
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MLV vaccine
Gilts 2x prior to mating Sows 2x/yr |
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What disease causes infection to the fetus ONLY
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PPV
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What are agents in PRDC (Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex)
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Mycoplasma pneumonia, Swine Influenza, PRRS
also: PCV-2, P.multocida, A. suis, other bacteria, gastric ulcers |
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Case: You have some pigs with a dry, hacking, nonproductive cough that began 6-8wks after placement in a finisher barn and persisted for a few weeks. Morbidity is high. Necropsy showed firm/rubbery lungs in cranioventral lobes.
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Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
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How is Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae perpetuated in production?
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Gilts perpetuate by shedding it in birth secretions-->piglets get infected (maternal ab protects initially)
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How soon can you use the Mycoplasma vaccine? Does it work?
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Effective if it is properly timed: Give at weaning + booster 2 weeks later
Use as young as 7d = no interference with maternal Ab |
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What is a costly ubiquitous endemic disease of growing pigs?
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Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
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What disease affects finishing pigs (14-15wks) in the US and causes depression, failure to grow/thrive, wasting, wt. loss, stupor. On necropsy you see granulomatous lymphadenitis, lymphoid depletion, and histiocytic lymphadenopathy?
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Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease (PCVAD)
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How can you control Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease?
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Vaccinate nursery pigs about 3 weeks (@weaning)
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Case: You have a group of pigs that suddenly have a deep, productive cough. Necropsy shows a cranioventral to patch/diffuse pneumonia, interlobular edema, and fibrinous bronchitis.
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Swine Influenza
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What is a costly disease at slaughter that causes caseous lymphadenitis
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TB-Mycobacterium avium
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What is a normal colonizer of the upper respiratory tract that can get out of hand and cause sneezing, inclusion body rhinitis, and "whooping cough" of nursery pigs
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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Disease that causes necrotizing pneumonia, acute death, cyanosis (blue ear), and thumping
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Salmonella choleraesuis
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What highly contagious, host-specific disease has a tropism for respiratory epithelial cells, but is not currently a significant pathogen
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Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)
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What might cause a productive asthmatic cough (wheeze-thump) due to hepatotracheal migration and may cause liver and lung damage + inflammation
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Ascaris suum (large roundworm)
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