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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chester White
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-American breed (mid 19th century PA)
-Cross of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire hogs -Moderate sized -White -Forward flopping ears |
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Duroc
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-American breed (mid 19th century, eastern US)
-Light yellow to dark mahogany red in color -Slightly forward flopping ears -Grow quickly |
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Hereford
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-American breed (IA, MO, NE)
-Cross of Poland China, Duroc, Chester White, Hampshire hogs -Red body, white face and feet -Good mothers |
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Poland China
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-American breed (early 19th century, OH)
-Cross of Russian, Byfield, Big China, Berkshire, Irish Grazer hogs -Large -Black, white feet, face, and tails -Forward flopping ears -Low backfat, large loin eyes |
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Spotted Swine
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-American breed (IN)
-Cross of Poland China, Gloucester Old Spots, and native hogs -Large -Body covered in black and white spots |
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Berkshire
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-British breed (early 18th century)
-Black, white feet, face, and tails -Used in crossbreeding programs |
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Hampshire
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-British breed
-White belt around front quarter, including front legs -Erect ears -Lean carcass |
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Tamworth
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-British breed (early 19th century, Ireland and England)
-One of the oldest purebreds -Red -Erect ears -Long faces -Large litters -Good mothering abilities -High quality bacon -Do well in subsistence/home-farming situations |
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Landrace
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-European breed (Denmark)
-Long, lean bodies -Forward flopping ears -Large litters -Good mothering abilities |
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Pietrain
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-European breed (1950s, Belgium)
-Medium sized -White and black spots -Erect ears -Well muscled hams -Lean carcass -Used in crossbreeding programs -Lack in mothering ability and milk production |
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Yorkshire
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-European breed
-Large, long body -White -Erect ears -Grow quickly -Efficiently use feed -Used in crossbreeding programs |
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Asian Breeds
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-Large litters
-Reach puberty quickly -Grow slowly |
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American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
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An organization dedicated to the protection of, and education regarding, rare breeds of livestock
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Backfat
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The thickness of the fat along the back of the hog
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Barrow
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A castrated male pig
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Biosecurity
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The process by which steps are taken to minimize the introduction of disease to a farm, and minimize the transfer of disease among animals on the farm
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Boar
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The male breeding pig- reach sexual maturity at the age of 7 months
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Boar Stud
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A place for keeping exceptional boars, where semen is collected for shipping to other breeding facilities
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Boar Taint
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The odor of pork that is harvested from an adult boar
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Carcass
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The animal after slaughter and processing has removed the hide and organs. Ideally, the weight should be ~75% of the animal's market weight
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Carcass Merit Pricing System
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A pricing system that pays extra to producers for meeting predetermined quality standards
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Castration
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The removal of the testicles of a male
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Checkoff
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A system where a portion of the sale price of every hog goes to the National Pork Board to promote and improve the pork industry.
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Closed Herd
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A herd that does not allow new animals on the facility, reducing exposure of hogs to disease. An animal is not allowed back on the facility if taken from the facility for any reason
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Confinement System
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A system in which hogs are raised completely inside buildings
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Contract Sales
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A written contract between a producer and a buyer is established in which hogs are raised to fulfill the contract
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Creep-Feeding
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The practice of providing additional feed to nursing pigs that their mother cannot reach
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Crossbred Seedstock
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Crossbred animals that are used as breeding animals, developed from purebred animals
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Cross-Fostering
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Moving piglets from one litter to another to balance litter size. This must be done in the first day or two of life, with piglets born at the same time
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Direct Marketing
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The most common form of marketing in the US swine industry, in which producers sell hogs to a packing plant or cooperative
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Ear Notching
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A method of putting notches in the ears of piglets to permanently identify them. Most producers use a system indicating the litter number and the individual's number within the litter
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Farrowing
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The delivery of piglets
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Farrowing Crate
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A small pen in which sows are confined to deliver and nurse the piglets. This prevents the sow from crushing the piglets by lying on them, but restricts sows from moving freely and expressing normal behaviors.
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Farrowing House
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A building that is dedicated to the delivery and raising of piglets to weaning
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Farrowing Pen
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An enclosure for females to farrow that allow more expression of natural instincts related to farrowing, such as nesting behaviors
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Feed Efficiency
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The pounds of feed required for each pound of grain
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Feeder Pig
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A pig that weighs 35-50 pounds, and is ready to be fed to market weight
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Grading
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A system by which USDA inspectors determine the quality of a carcass based on the amount of backfat and the amount of muscling
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Growing and Finishing Phase
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From the nursery phase, pigs move to this phase, where they are raised to full market size
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Hog Belt
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Traditionally, the area of the Midwest, including iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, where a large percentage of the hogs raised in the United States were concentrated
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Litter Size
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The number of piglets born in a litter
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Loin Eye
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The cross section of the loin muscle that is seen in retail cuts such as the pork chop
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Market Animal
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An animal that will be raised to market weight and sent to slaughter
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Market Weight
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The weight at which hogs are sent to slaughter. most hogs are slaughtered at approximately 260 pounds
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Maternal Lines
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Lines of crossbred animals used for breeding that are focused on maternal traits, such as litter size and mothering ability
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Mating Systems
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Different ways that semen is deposited in the reproductive tract of a female
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Milk Replacer
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A substitute for milk used to hand-feed orphans or runts
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Needle Teeth
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Small sharp teeth in the baby pig that are clipped shortly after birth
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Nursery Phase
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The time between the weaning of piglets until they are feeder pig size, and moving them to the growing and finishing phase
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Nutrient Management
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The method of disposing of waste products of swine production. Large swine operations are defined as confined animal feeding operations (CAFO), and must follow EPA guidelines regarding the proper disposal of manure and other waste products
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Optimal Growth
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The fastest growth that is economically efficient
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Pasture System
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A system in which animals are raised at least part out of doors and on grass
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Pork Quality Assurance Program
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A voluntary program for pork producers that certifies producers based on their management practices
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Pork Somatotropin (PST)
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Produced by the pituitary and stimulates growth, and increases feed efficiency and carcass leanness
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Rate of Gain
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The number of pounds gained over a fixed period of time, usually on a per day basis
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Replacement Gilts
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Young females that are retained in the breeding herd
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Runt
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An exceptionally small pig in a litter, often requiring extra care to survive
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Shrinkage
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The weight loss when a hog is sent to market
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Sire Lines
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Lines of crossbred animals used for breeding that are focused on growth and carcass traits, such as leanness of carcass, growth rate, and feed efficiency
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Specific Pathogen-Free Hogs
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A national system of accrediting hogs that are free of designated array of parasites and diseases
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Tail Docking
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The removal of part of the tail of piglets when they are less than three days old
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Terminal Cross
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An offspring will go to market and will not be retained for breeding
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Vertical Integration
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An economic system in which more than one aspect of the production is owned by the same entity
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Weaning
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The removal of a piglet from the mother, or removal of milk as a nutrient source
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Weaning Weight
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The amount the piglets weigh at weaning
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