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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
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right and left cranial
right and left caudal |
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What is the region of the abdomen just caudal to the xiphoid cartilage?
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Xiphoid region
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What is the larteral part of the middle region of the abdomen?
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flank
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what are the inguinal regions?
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Area next to junction of thigh and abdomen
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What are the three midline regions from cranial to caudal?
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Xiphoid, umbilical, prepubic
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What is the dorsal part of the flank region?
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Paralumbar fossa
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How many mammae are generally present in the bitch? Cat?
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Usually 10 in dog ; 8 in cat and small dogs
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What spaces store milk in the mammary gland?
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Lactiferous (milk) sinus (cistern)= glands sinus + teat sinus
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What passages lead from the test sinus to the outside?
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Teat canal or papillary duct
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Generally where do the mammary glands lymphatics drain?
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Caudal: superifical inguinal inlet
Cranial: to axillary inlet |
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List the abdominal muscles from superificial to deep.
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External abdominal oblique (EAO)
Internal abdominal oblique (IAO) Transverse abdominal oblique Ventrally- Rectus Abdominis m. |
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What is a flat thin tendon called?
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Aponeurosis
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What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas muscle to the prepubic tendon?
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Inguinal ligament
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What is the rectus sheath?
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Aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles around the rectus abdominis muscle, meet/ fuse at linea alba
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Which rectus sheath is clinically important?
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External rectus sheath
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Where do the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles meet/ fuse?
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midline to form linea alba
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What is the deep fascia of the back?
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Thoracolumbar fascia
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What is the musculotendinous partition between the thorax and the abdomen?
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Diaphragm (cranial boundary of abdomen)
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What are the parts of the diaphragm?
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Outer: muscular part, inner-dorsal crura & tendinous center
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List the openings through the diaphragm?
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Aortic, esophageal hiati & caval foramen
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What passes through the openings of the diaphragm?
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Aortic: Aorta, azygous, & thoracic duct
Esophageal: esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks Caval foramen: caudal vena cava |
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What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerve
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How does the cavity of the bony thorax relate to the thoracic cavity?
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Larger, dome of the diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space
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What are the cranial and caudal boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
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Cranial: diaphragm
Caudal: pelvic inlet |
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What is the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity?
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Cranial part, protected by caudal ribs and costal cartilage
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List three different types of peritoneum.
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Parietal, Visceral & connecting
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List three to four types of connecting peritoneum.
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Mesenteries, omenta, ligaments and folds
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What peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abdominal wall?
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Falciform ligament
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How many layers are in the different classifications of peritoneum?
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Parietal & visceral-1; connecting-2
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What is the peritoneal cavity?
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potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
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What is in the peritoneal cavity?
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Scant amount of fluid, no organs
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List the three pouches of the peritoneum?
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Rectogential, vesicogenital, pubovesical
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What does rectoperitoneal mean?
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behind peritoneum
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What is the opening into the omental bursa from the peritoneal cavity?
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epiploic foramen
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What does the lesser omentum connect?
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Liver to lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum
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Give the location of the epiploic foramen into the omental bursa.
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Ventromedial to caudate lobe (liver) between caudal vena cava and portal vein (& hepatic artery)
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What are located in the free edge of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder?
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round ligament of the umbilical artery
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What is in the free edge of the middle ligament of the bladder?
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Urachus
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What is a mesentery?
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Connecting peritoneum between organ's visceral peritoneum & partiel peritoneum
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How are mesentaries named?
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Meso + organ connected
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What is the functions of the mesenteries?
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suspends organs and path for vessel & nerves to organ
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What is the root of the mesentery?
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attachment of mesentery to dorsal abdomen
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Name the four unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
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Celiac artery
Cranial mesenteric artery Caudal mesenteric artery median sacral artery |
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What do the celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries supply?
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Viscera drained by portal vein
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What structures does the celiac artery supply?
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cranial abdominal organs (stomach, liver, spleen, and part of duodenum)
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What are the three branches of the celiac artery?
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Hepatic, splenic, & left gastric
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What are the numerous vessels to the jejunum?
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Jejunal arteries from cranial mesenteric artery
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How do the jejunal arteries terminate to supply the jejunum?
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Form arcades & vasa recti to jejunum
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What vessels supply the fundas of the stomach?
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Short gastric arteries from splenic artery
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How are the ovarian arteries located?
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Lift up the ovary & look for vessels in mesovarium
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How are the testicular arteries located in the abdomen?
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Passing caudal to kidney to vaginal ring
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What vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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How is the caudal vena cava formed?
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External & internal iliac veins unite=
2 common iliac veins which unite= Caudal vena cava |
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What vein carries the blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?
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Portal vein
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What are the primary abdominal organs not drained by the portal vein?
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Kidneys, adrenal glands, gonads, liver
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Why aren't the kidneys, adrenal glands and gonads drained by the portal vein?
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Their hormones would be destroyed by the liver
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To where does the lymph from the pelvic limbs, pelvis, and abdomen drain?
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Visceral lymphatic trunks
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What lymphatic vessel drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli?
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Thoracic duct
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What are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta?
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Medial iliac lymph nodes
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What are the intestinal lymphatic vessels that absorb fat?
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Lacteals
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What directions do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves travel?
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caudoventral direction
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What is the sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?
Parasympathetic? |
Sympathetic: Sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nn., collateral ganglion & plexuses
Parasympathetic: Vagus: through the transverse colon -Pelvic Nerve: descending colon |
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Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
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near branches of abdominal aorta
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What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
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Adrenal glands (medulla)
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Sympathetic fibers reach the pelvic cavity by what nerve?
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Hypogasteric nerve from the caudal mesmenteric ganglion
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What is the spacial relationship of the two kidneys?
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right a half a kidney length cranial to left
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What is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranially?
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Right fits in renal impression of liver
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What makes up the parenchyma of the kidney?
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outer cortex and the inner medulla
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What is the expanded proximal end of the uterus?
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Renal pelvis
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What tube carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
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ureter
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What is the longitudinal ridge projecting into the renal pelvis?
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renal crest
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Where does urine drip from the kidney?
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renal crest
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What species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys?
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Cat
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What part of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae?
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Pelvic recess/ diverticulae
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What are the parts of the urinary bladder?
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neck, body, and apex
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How do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why?
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Oblique angle to prevent backflow
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Where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
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Dorsal internal area between 2 ureteral openings and opening of urethra
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What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?
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Nephron
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What non-nephronic structures carries urine from the nephron to the renal pelvis?
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Collecting duct
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What are the names of the mammae in the bitch?
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Cranial and Caudal Thoracic
cranial and caudal abdominal Inguinal |
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How do the mammae generally appear in the male?
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Rudimentary throughout life
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What are the opening on the nipple or papilla? Number in the dog?
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Teat Orifices, many per nipple
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What are extra mammary glands called?
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Supranumerary mammary glands
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What main vessel supply the mammary glands?
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Cranial & Caudal supeficial epigastric and lateral thoracic arteries and veins
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What ventral abdominal muscle is on either side of the linea alba?
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Rectus abdominis muscle
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What is the width of the linea alba?
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Wide cranially (1 cm), barely visible caudally
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What innervates the abdominal muscles?
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Ventral branches of spinal nerves
(Thoracic and lumbar nerves) |
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What is the expression "tucked-up" used for by dog fanciers?
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Shallow body depth at the loin
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What are the parts of the diaphragm?
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Outer: muscular part
Inner-dorsal: crura & tendinous center |
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What passes through the opening of the diaphragm?
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Aortic hiatus: Aorta, azygous, thoracic duct
Esophageal Hiatus: Esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks Caval foramen: Caudal Vena Cava |
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Name two sublumbar muscles?
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Psoas minor
Psoas major Quadratus lumborum |
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What is the principal muscles of inspiration?
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Diaphragm
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What are the cranial and caudal boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
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Cranially: diaphragm
Caudal: pelvic inlet |
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Can an orad part be further caudally than an aborad part?
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Yes
ex) cecum to transverse colon |
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List the parts of the abdominal tubular GI tract from orad to aborad.
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Abdominal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus
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List the parts of the abdominal GI tract including accessory organs from orad to aborad.
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Abdominal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, bile duct, pancreas, pancreatic ducts, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus
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What peritioneum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver?
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Lesser omentum (haptogastric & hepatoduodenal ligament)
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What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
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Greater curvature & dorsal abdominal wall
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Name the longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa.
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Gastric rugae (folds)
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Where is the stomach located?
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Cranial behind liver, depending on how full can extend half way between xiphoid and pubis
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What opens into the descending duodenum?
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bile duct, pancreatic ducts & stomach
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What connecting peritoneums suspend the duodenum?
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Meoduodenum & duodenocolic ligaments
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What does the ileocecal fold connect?
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Ileum and cecum
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Upon what does anal continence depend?
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Internal and external sphincters
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What is the end and terminal opening of the GI tract?
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Anal canal & anus
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Where are the anal sacs in relationship to the anal sphincters?
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Between internal and external anal sphincters
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What is the largest gland in the body?
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Liver
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What is the functional input and exit of the liver?
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Porta
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Name the four lobes of the liver.
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Right (medial and lateral)
Left (medial and lateral) Quadrate lobe Caudate Lobe |
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What is the vestige of the fetal umbilical vein in the adult?
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Round ligament of the liver in free edge of falciform ligament
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What ligament of the liver originates from the coronary ligament and extends to the sternal part of the diaphragm?
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Falciform ligament
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Name the 4 ligaments attaching the liver to the diaphragm.
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Coronary
Right and left triangular Right and left falciform |
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The (common) bile duct enters the duodenum at the ______ along with the ______ duct.
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major duodenal papillae
pancreatic duct |
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What carries bile to and from the gall bladder?
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Cystic duct
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What vessel carries nutrient-rich blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen to the liver?
What vessel carries oxygen to liver? |
Portal vein
Hepatic artery |
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The _____ cells are arranged radially around liver sinusoids.
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Hepatic
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What spaces bathe the hepatic cells?
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Liver sinusoids
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What small tubules collecting bile from the hepatic cells?
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Bile canaliculi
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Compare the direction of flow in the liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi.
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In opposite directions: blood toward caudal vena cava, bile toward porta
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What do the liver sinusoids form that join to form the hepatic veins?
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Central veins
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What functional part of the pancreas does the pancreatic ducts drain?
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Exocrine part
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Where is the endocrine function of the pancreas carried out?
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Islet cells of the pancreas
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What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
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Pancreatic enzymes aid in digestion
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What do the pancreatic ducts carry to the duodenum?
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Pancreatic enzymes
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With what two abdominal organ is the spleen closely associated?
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Stomach & greater omentum
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What is mesothelium?
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Epithelium of all serous membranes
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What is the connective tissue around an organ that is not in a body cavity called?
What is it called if it is in a body cavity? |
Adventitia
Serosa |
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What serosa lines the abdomen and covers its organs?
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Peritoneum
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What does a fold of peritoneum connect?
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2 visceral layers or peritoneum
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Name two subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity.
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Ovarian bursa & omental bursa
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Is the peritoneal cavity open to the outside of the animal?
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Yes in female (uterine tube)
No in male |
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What is the diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity?
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Vaginal cavity
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How are the pouches of the peritoneal cavity formed?
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Caudal reflections of the peritoneum between organs of pelvis
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What are the two layers of the greater omentum?
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superificial & deep leaves
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What is between the two leaves of the greater omentum?
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Omental bursa
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What does the lesser omentum connect?
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Liver to lesser curvature of stomach & duodenum
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What is the opening into the omental bursa from the peritoneal cavity?
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Epiploic foramen
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Why is the omentum called the "policeman of the abdomen"?
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Helps wall off infection
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What are located in the free edges of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder?
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Round ligament of bladder or umbilical arteries
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What peritoneum suspends the duodenum?
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Mesoduodenum
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Name the connecting peritoneum suspending the
a. ileum b. rectum c. colon d. jejunum |
a. ileum- mesoileum
b. rectum- mesorectum c. colon- mesocolon d. jejunum- mesojejunum or great mesentery |
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What do the celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries supply?
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Viscera drained by portal vein
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What main arteries send branches to the pancreas?
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Branches of celiac & cranial mesenteric arteries
(cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries) |
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What is the blood supply to the intestine?
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Cranial & caudal mesenteric arteries
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How does the splenic artery enter the spleen?
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All along its long hilus
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Where does the left gonadal vein empty?
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Into left renal vein
Instead of crossing aorta to vena cava |
