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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List Three Fundamental Strategies to Increase Energy Performance
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Demand Reduction
Harvesting Free Energy Increased Efficiency |
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Demand Reduction
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Optimize Building form and orientation.
Reduce internal loads through shell & lighting Shifting load to off periods |
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Harvesting Free Energy
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free resources such as daylight,ventilation cooling, solar heating and power, and wind energy to satisfy needs for space conditioning, service water heating and power generation.
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Increase Efficiency
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Increasing efficiency can be accomplished with more efficient envelope,lighting, and HVAC systems, and by appropriately sizing HVAC systems. More efficient systems reduce energy demand and energy use.
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Starting a design
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Understand and take into account the local conditions, local environment and how you can harness the help of nature.
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Why integrated design
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Because of interaction and trade-offs between the different design options
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USGBC
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U.S. Green Building Council
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Energy and Atmosphere
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3 Prerequisites
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Prerequisite 1
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Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy System
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Prerequisite 2
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Minimum Energy Performance
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Prerequisite 3
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Fundamental Refrigerant Management.
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Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance
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Whole Building Simulation
Comply with ASHRAE Prescriptive Compliance Path |
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Scope of Requirements addressed by ASHRAE 90.1 -2007
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Building Envelope
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Service Water Healing Power, including Distribution Lighting Other Equipment (inl. Permanently wired electric motors |
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Energy and Atmosphere
Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance |
Whole Building Energy Simulation (1-19 Points)
Prescriptive Compliance Path ASHRAE and Advanced Building Core Performance Guide. |
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Optimize Energy Performance
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Up to 19 Points
44% or 48% New vs. Existing Buildings...better than the standard. |
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USGBC LEED NC
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Voluntary, point-based system, helps define what constitutes a green building.
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EPA Energy Star Label for Buildings
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Voluntary labeling system, set of energy performance standards.
Perform top 25%, Conform to energy standards |
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Energy Star homes are independently verified to be
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at least 30% more efficient than homes built to the national Model Energy Code. or 15% more efficient that state energy code, whichever is more rigorous
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What is the Model Energy Code
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Contains energy efficiency
criteria for new residential and commercial buildings and additions to existing buildings. |
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Where is the Model Energy Code maintained
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Published and maintained in the International Code Council, as the International Energy Conservation Code
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What is EPA's Energy Star?
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Partnership between organizations. businesses, consumers and government with the purpose of promoting energy efficiency.
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What does Energy Star cover?
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Started with computers, expanded to consumer electronics, office equipment, lighting, major appliances, residential heating and cooling equipment, new homes, most of the building sector.
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Efficiency Ratings (Higher is Better)--what are the ratings currently in use
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EER
SEER COP HSPF AFUE |
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What is EER and how is it used?
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EER-Energy Efficiency Ratio
Commercial, HVAC; season BTU/Watts >10 |
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What is SEER and how is it used?
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SEER-Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, Residential HVAC
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What does HVAC stand for?
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Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
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What is COP and how is it used?
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Coefficient of Performance: Heat Pump; chiller, 3.516/kW/ton); EER/3.412
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What is HSPF and how is it used
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Heating Seasonal Performance Factor: Heat Pump (heating); season; BTU (heat)/ Wh (elec)
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What is AFUE?
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Annual Fuel utilization efficiency
Gas Furnace, boiler, 12% of energy converted to heat. |
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LEED measures site energy.
What is site energy. |
The amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building as reflected in utility bills.
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How is site energy delivered to a building
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Site energy may be delivered to a facility in one of two forms: primary and/or secondary energy.
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What is primary energy?
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Primary energy is the raw fuel that is burned to create heat and electricity, such as natural gas or fuel oil used in onsite generation.
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What is secondary energy?
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Secondary energy is the energy product (heat or electricity) created from a raw fuel, such as electricity purchased from the grid or heat received from a district steam system.
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Energy Star measures source energy. What is source Energy?
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Site energy plus the energy used to generate, transmit and distribute energy to a building.
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Efficiency -related Energy Savings
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Partial loads at maximum frequency.
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What are six Efficiency-related energy savings strategies?
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"Right-sizing" the Equipment
EnergyStar Equipment Variable Frequency Speed Drives VAV Air-Handling Systems Controls Demand Water heaters |
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What is "Right-Sizing"?
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Insuring equipment is not too big for the heating or cooling of a building.
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What is a Variable Frequency Speed Drive?
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System for controlling the rotational speed of an alternating current (AC) electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor.[
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What is VAV?
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Variable Air Volume...Variable Air Volume or VAV systems control the air volume. The simplest control is a simple On-Off control of fans but the complex damper controls are more common as variable speed control of fans is the most economic method to control the air volume.
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What are Energy Controls
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Demand-Controlled Ventilation
DDC Direct Digital Control |
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What is Demand Controlled Ventilation?
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Intentional movement of air from outside a building to the inside. Includes CO2 monitoring
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What is Direct Digital Control
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Control process in which a microprocessor adjust supply to demand.
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Lighting
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Causes a little over 1/3 of demand in buildings.
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How to reduce lighting related energy.
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Daylighting
Improves test scores May have glare, shadows |
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How to reduce lighting related energy use--Factors to consider
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Participation of all design principles
Exterior shading and control devices Glazing materials Aperture locations Reflectance and colors of room surfaces |
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Daylighting
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Daylighting
Sky Lights Clererstory Light Tubes Fiberoptics |
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Controlling Lighting
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Dimming Controls--combined with maintenance
Occupancy sensors Control Zones Lumen maintenance Task Lighting |
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Controlling Lighting (Lumen Maintenance)
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Lumen maintenance simply compares the amount of light produced from a light source or from a luminaire when it is brand new to the amount of light output at a specific time in the future. For instance, if a luminaire produced 1000 lumens of light when it was brand new and now produces 700 lumens of light after 30,000 hours, then it would have lumen maintenance of 70% at 30,000 hours.
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Energy Efficient Lighting
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Lamps, Ballasts, Luminaires
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Potential Light Energy Savings
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Lamps and Ballasts 20-40%
New Fixtures 30-50% Task/Ambient Lighting 40-60% Outside Lighting 30-60% |
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Average green light lighting upgrades savings
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48% of Buildings lighting use on average
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Ballasts
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An electrical ballast (sometimes called control gear) is a device intended to limit the amount of current in an electric circuit.
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Linear T12, T8, T5
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12/12" 8/12" 5/12" (europe)
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Flourescent Lamp
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gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.
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Incandescent Lamp
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source of electric light that works by incandescence (a general term for heat-driven light emissions which includes the simple case of black body radiation). An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation. Incandescent bulbs are also sometimes called electric lamps, a term also applied to the original arc lamps.
Incandescent bulbs are made in a wide range of sizes and voltages, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. |
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HID Needs Ballast
Mercury Vapor Metal Halide Sodium |
A lamp that produces light by passing electricity through gas, which causes the gas to glow. Examples of HID lamps are mercury vapor lamps, metal halide lamps, and high-pressure sodium lamps. HID lamps have extremely long life and emit far more lumens per fixture than do fluorescent lights.
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LED
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Light Emitting Diode a semiconductor diode that emits light when voltage is applied: used in electric lighting, alphanumeric displays, as on digital watches, etc.
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OLED
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Organic light emitting diode An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also light emitting polymer (LEP) and organic electro luminescence (OEL), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds.
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ESL
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Electron Stimulated Luminescence ESL Lighting Technology uses accelerated electrons to stimulate phosphor to create light, making the surface of the bulb “glow”. ESL Technology creates the same light quality as an incandescent but is more energy conserving. There is no use of the neurotoxin Mercury (Hg) in the lighting process.
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Solid State Plasma
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Most commonly, plasma lamps are available in spheres and cylinders. Although many variations exist, a plasma lamp is usually a clear glass orb, filled with a mixture of various gases—most commonly helium and neon, but sometimes also xenon and krypton at low pressure (below 0.01 atmospheres)[2]—and driven by high frequency alternating current at approximately 35 kHz, 2–5 kV, generated by a high voltage transformer. A much smaller orb in its center serves as an electrode.
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Lamp Efficacy
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The ability of a lamp to convert watts into lumens
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How to compute lamp efficacy
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Lumens Per Watt
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Color Temperatures
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Kelvins (K's)--10,000 Blue Sky
1,000 Candlelight 7,000 Overcast 2,000 early sunlight |
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Spectrally Enhanced lighting
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Spectrally Enhanced Lighting (SEL) has relatively more blue content in its spectral power distribution as compared to more standard lighting. At the same light level this feature produces relative increases in both brightness perception and visual acuity based on the way the human eye really perceives light.--use less watts
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Luminaires
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Spectrally Enhanced Lighting (SEL) has relatively more blue content in its spectral power distribution as compared to more standard lighting. At the same light level this feature produces relative increases in both brightness perception and visual acuity based on the way the human eye really perceives light.
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Luminaires
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Reflectors
Diffusers Lenses Louvers Direct/Indirect pendent mounted |
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Reduction of energy usage by solar systems
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Active hot water systems
Active solar heating systems contribute to Optimize Energy Performance |
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Types of Active Solar Hot Water Heaters
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Thermosyphon Systems (no pump)
Direct Circulation systems Indirect Heating systems with a heat exchanger Sizing for Pre-heat Systems Full-temperature systems |
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Heat Exchanger
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Solar loop with water 80-90% efficient
Solar loop with air 50% efficient |
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Types of Active solar heating systems for air-distrution systems
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Water-based collectors
Air-based collectors Ventilation air pre-heating |
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Electric power related concepts
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Load-shifting
-peak shaving -net metering Distributed Generation Cogeneration Microturbines |
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Luminaires
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Spectrally Enhanced Lighting (SEL) has relatively more blue content in its spectral power distribution as compared to more standard lighting. At the same light level this feature produces relative increases in both brightness perception and visual acuity based on the way the human eye really perceives light.
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Luminaires
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Reflectors
Diffusers Lenses Louvers Direct/Indirect pendent mounted |
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Reduction of energy usage by solar systems
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Active hot water systems
Active solar heating systems contribute to Optimize Energy Performance |
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Types of Active Solar Hot Water Heaters
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Thermosyphon Systems (no pump)
Direct Circulation systems Indirect Heating systems with a heat exchanger Sizing for Pre-heat Systems Full-temperature systems |
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Heat Exchanger
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Solar loop with water 80-90% efficient
Solar loop with air 50% efficient |
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Types of Active solar heating systems for air-distrution systems
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Water-based collectors
Air-based collectors Ventilation air pre-heating |
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Electric power related concepts
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Load-shifting
-peak shaving -net metering Distributed Generation Cogeneration Microturbines |
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World's Biggest On-Shore Wind Farm
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Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Taylor and Nolan Counties, Tex.
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World's Biggest Offshore Wind Farm
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Lynn and Inner Dowsing Wind Farm Near Skegness, Lincolnshire, England
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World's Largest Tidal Power Barrage
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Completed in 1967 at a cost of approximately $134 million, the Rance tidal barrage (dam) is the world's first, and remains the world's largest, power plant that produces electricity from tides. , France
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World's Largest Tidal Power Turbine
SeaGen Turbine in Strangford Lough, Ireland |
Like wind turbines, but powered by the flow of water instead of the flow of air, tidal power turbines transform tides or deep ocean currents into electricity.
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World's Largest Solar Thermal Plant
Solar Energy Generating Systems in Southern California |
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) has been the world record holder for largest solar thermal project since its completion in 1990.
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World's Largest Photovoltaic Power Plant
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park in Olmedilla de Alarcón, Spain |
The Olmedilla Photovoltaic (PV) Park uses 162,000 flat solar photovoltaic panels to deliver 60 megawatts of electricity on a sunny day.
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World's Most Productive Geothermal Field
The Geysers in Sonoma and Lake Counties, Calif. |
The Geysers remains the most productive geothermal field in the world, providing nearly 60 percent of the electricity used in California's North Coast region, which stretches from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border
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World's Largest Dry Biomass-Fired Power Plant
Oy Alholmens Kraft in Pietarsaari, Finland |
Like most biomass-fired power plants, the Oy Alholmens Kraft power plant relies on locally sourced bark, branches and peat to fuel its enormous boiler—the largest of its kind in the world at 550 megawatts of heat. Burning all that generates a peak output of 240 megawatts of electricity. (
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World's Largest Wave Power Plant:
Aguçadoura Wave Farm near Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal |
The world's first and only commercial wave power plant resembles a 500-foot- (150 meter-) long, 11 foot- (3.5 meter-) wide snake that floats, half-submerged, on the sea surface.
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World's Largest Hydroelectric Dam
China's Three Gorges Dam |
On December 18, 2007, the electricity production capacity of China's Three Gorges Dam reached 14.1 gigawatts, surpassing for the first time the 14-gigawatt generating capacity of the Itaipu Dam on the border of Brazil and Paraguay, making it the largest and most productive dam in the world.
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World's Largest Landfill Gas Recuperation Plant
Puente Hills in Whittier, Calif. |
Producing power from the gas that seeps out of landfills is a better alternative than simply flaring it.
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Credit 6 Green Power
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Encourage the development and use of Grid-Source, renewable energy technologies on a net zero pollution basis
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Green Power
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Worth 2 Points Provide at least 35% of the building's electricity from reneweable sources by engaging in at least a 2-year renewable energy contract.
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Green Tag Power Tag
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In a Green Tag sale, the power from the new
renewable energy facility is not physically delivered to the customer, but the environmental benefits created by the facility are attributed to that customer, directly offsetting the environmental impact of the customer’s conventional energy use. |
