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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the feedlot operation where Pollan kept his purchased cow?
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Poky Feeders
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Although 80% of the slaughtering and meatpacking of cattle in the US is done by only ___ companies (insert number) how many farmers raise the calves that are sent to feedlots?
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four, thousands
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Most farms that raise calves have a lot of cows, and only a few bulls. T or F
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TRUE
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According to Pollan, humans eating grazing animals such as cows, fed on grass, makes superb ecological sense; a sustainable, solar powered food system. Especially if the farmer is using land that is too _______ or ______ for other types of farming.
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arid, hilly
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Why couldn’t Michael’s choice steer spend his life as an Angus stud?
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He bought the cow so that he could feed him right then eat him
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The meat grading system rewards growers if their cattle carcasses have high marbling. What is marbling and what has that got to do with corn?
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marbling is intermuscular fat, the more corn fed to cows, the more marbling
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What is the feeding practice that led to the spread of Mad Cow Disease? (be aware that the disease has only been found once in the US, the epidemic that made global news was in England.
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They fed rendered cow parts back to the cows
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Pollan mentions that many kinds of slaughter house waste can be fed to feedlot cattle. What kind of manure does he mention, specifically? A) rabbit B) pig C) chicken D) horse
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pig
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What causes acidosis in cows, and what are some of the symptoms cows exhibit if they have it?
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a strictly corn diet. Acidotic animals go off their feed, pant and salivate excessively, paw at their bellies and eat dirt. The condition can lead to diarrhea, ulcers, bloat, liver disease and a general weakening of the immune system that leaves the animal vulnerable to everything from pneumonia to feedlot polio.
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Once taken off the grass fields, cattle today are fed a daily diet of grain and supplements, along with a doses of two antibiotics, rumensin and tylosin. Why the antibiotics? Explain the need to provide this with reference to the cow’s diet, normal digestive function, and infection.
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The diet they are on can tamper with their rumen, so antibiotics are needed. Used to reduce bloating and liver infection
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How did Rich Blair explain his use of hormone implants? Does he think it is a good idea?
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He wishes he didn't have to. He doesn't think it's a good idea but he has to because his competitor is doing it.
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If you consider that number 534 will eat mostly corn, once off the pasture, how much oil is used in the production of the food he will eat, by the time he has reached a slaughter weight of 1,250 pounds? A) 284 B) 117 C) 97 D) 175
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284
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What company required the slaughter houses that supply their beef to be audited for “humane” slaughter of the cattle?
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McDonalds
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The meat packing industry uses the words “cold pasteurization” to refer to what means of sterilizing meat?
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irridation
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In the end, Pollan calculates that his profit on raising # 534, after an investment of $917, was
A) $27 B) $35 C) $85 D) $111 |
$27
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praying mantises are ____ predators, meaning they eat...they lay eggs in a mass, usually a few...., these are layed ____, to hatch in the _____
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general, good and bad bugs, feet off the ground, overwinter, spring
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nightcrawlers are worms that live in a ______ ______, and forage at _____ to bring back organic matter
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vertical burrow, night
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worm excrement is called
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worm castings
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___ _______ are small earthworms that have a _____ metabolism, ______ reproduction, and thrive in a rich pile of organic matter, but not in _____
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red wrigglers, high, rapid, soil
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red wrigglers are the most popular type of worms to use for ________
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vermicomposting
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the act of using earthworms to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter
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vermicomposting
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most earthworms are ______, having male and female reproductive organs
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hermaphroditic
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female flowers of hops contain a resin, rich in aromatic chemicals, like ______
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lupulone
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hops are _____ this the original use in brewing was to...
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antimicrobial, reduce spoilage
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hops are a _______ plant
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perennial
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there are two types of hops. one provides ______ and the other provides ______
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bitterness, body
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1) How many degree days are required to see emergence of adult cabbage maggot flies? A) 300 B) 325 C) 425 D) 530
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300
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What is the base temperature used for cole crops?
A) 34 B) 37 C) 40 D) 50 |
50
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__________________ is the most difficult to grow of the cole crops due to its specific environmental requirements
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Cauliflower
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4) also page 18... if cauliflower is exposed to near freezing temperatures before it reaches the 7 leaf stage, it may never form a head... and growers call this condition " __________"
A) foolish B) stumpy C) deletion D) blindness |
blindness
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one means to protect tender plants is to cover them with _____ __ _____ made of _____ ______ _______
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floating row covers, spun bonded polypropylene
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strawberries are bread for what 4 characteristics?
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1) Large fruit 2) Tough enough to ship 3) High yields per acre 4) Early flowering, early to market
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what type of environment is best for growing apples?
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places where spring comes late and flowering is delayed
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when stressed, seedlings of broccoli and cauliflower, spinach, and lettuce all switch to flowering instead of growing more leaves in a process called
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bolting
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Rule of thumb for broccoli and cauliflower: they can't be stressed at all once they have _ true leaves developing
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7
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what three elements are found in a typical home fertilizing bag (10% each)?
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nitrogen, potash (potassium), and phosphate (posphorous)
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the most abundant organic biosource is ______, usually made of phosphorous
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bone meal
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an organic, biosource of potassium is ____ ____, but even dried kelp is only _% potassium at best
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kelp meal, 2%
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mined deposits of rock that contain potassium are called
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greensand
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______ is the fertilizer element that can be lost from the biocycle the most easily, through ________
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nitrogen, dentrification
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to make nitrogen useful to plants, one can combine ___ gas with ____ (____ ___) to get ______ ___, which can be injected into soils
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N2, CH4 (natural gas), ammonia gas NH4
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one trait that has changed in domestication of grain crops is the loss of _______, the dropping of seeds as they ripen
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shattering
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___ ______ is a trait where bracts separate easily from the seed. This is only found in _____ and ___
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free threshing, wheat, rye
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_____, the likely progenitor of corn, is much shorter and highly branched (tillers) with numerous, very small ears
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Teosinte
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earliest domesticated wheats, ______ and _____, had become ___-_____ and ____ _____, but were not used for bread, instead for pasta, crackers, flat breads...
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Einkorn and Emmer, non-shattering and free threshing
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_____ protein allows a dough made from flour to be elastic, stretchy, and thus to capture the ____ from yeast fermentation, and rise!
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Gluten, CO2
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____ ____ is now the #2 food eaten by humans, ____ being #1
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bread wheat, rice
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the branching of a grass plant at the base, near the soil line
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tillering
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the "three sisters" crops that native americans produced that didn't need animals to do the plowing
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corn, beans, and squash
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what is the apple capital of the world?
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Wenatchee, Washington
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how many boxes per year does McDougall's apple farm supply
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8 million boxes
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Stemilt Fruit controls over ______ acres of orchards
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10,000
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3 Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
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1) Take care of the land 2) The system has to be economically viable 3) It has to be socially responsible in meeting the needs of consumers and producers
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What does CSA stand for?
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Community Supported Agriculture
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What created the special period in Cuba, from 1990-1993?
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The break up of the Soviet Union
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How did Reagan's administration handle research and development of alt fuels?
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cut funding
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Which accounts for more oil consumption? Food, autos, or homes?
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Food
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How was food distributed equally to Cubans during the time of severe shortage?
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They invented a ration food distribution system and payed subsidized prices most times
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What element of agricultural inputs was even higher in Cuba than in the US?
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fertilizer
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what percent of Cuba's agriculture is organic?
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80%
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what percentage of State farms were turned over to private use?
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12-15%
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plants that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flower to seed within a single growing season. All roots, stems and leaves of the plant die annually. Only the dormant seed bridges the gap between generations
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annuals
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plants that persist for many growing seasons. Generally the top portion of the plant dies back each winter and regrows the following spring from the same root system
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perennials
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plants which require two years to complete their life cycle. First season growth results in a small rosette of leaves near the soil surface. During the second season's growth stem elongation, flowering and seed formation occur followed by the entire plant's death
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biennials
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a plant that produces a lot of leaves but no stem until it accumulates resources
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rosette
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degree day equation
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(HI + LOW/2) - base temp (typically 40).....remember the low is changed to base temp if it is lower than base temp
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fruit tree production works best where
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large bodies of water moderate climate
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Top 9 plants according to calories, tonnage, acreage, total value
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1) corn 2) wheat 3) rice 4) soybean 5) cassava (starch) 6) potatoes 7) bananas/plantains 8) sweet potatoes 9) sorghum
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swollen root plants like yams, sweet potatoes, cassava are called _____. Good for what sort of people because? Bad because?
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tubers. Good for people in tropics because they grow all year long. Bad because they don't go dormant
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2 benefits of grain
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1) nutritionally dense: 1 lb of wheat=1,800 calories
2) seeds are dormant (last for years) |
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5 steps in planting grains
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1) Plow Field (eliminates weeds) 2) Plant seeds (broadcast sowing) 3) Cover seeds (rake soil) 4) Weed 5) Space Utilization (tillering: horizontal stems to allow plant to take as much space as possible)
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