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40 Cards in this Set
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Ise Shrine, Ise,Japan, 300 CE Shinto -royal shrine of a Japanese imperial family -the family never changes and has been continuously been rebuilt every 20 years -measurements are taken from a post in a shed nearby -command of the materials and work needed to rebuild are a sign of syatus -torii gate and a spirit bridge split between the mundane and the -sacred bridge goes over a purifying river -shrine of amaterasu -four fences around complex and that shows status and prestige |
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Hoodo - Phoenix Hall Byodo In, Kyoto, 1053 Heian Buddhist -built on an aristocratic lot -private chapel of amidist trasitions looks like it has wings replication of the palace at amide -amidist ritual where you say a chant lali amida 108 times and you count with beads -there are bodhissatvas on hte wals depicted flying and playing instruments for when raigo (it's when buddha takes you away...to enlightenment) -amida is a more popular tradition because it's easier and more open |
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Horyuji 587 - late 600's -asymmetrical balance of the complex -oldest temple complex -oldest living timberframe structure inthe world -this is partially because it was peaceful -the pagoda and kondo were original, rest are added later -the pagoda has a heart pillar with a relic inside likea stup -flexible building (engineering for earthquakes -a bunch of buddhist imagery at the base of the heart pillar -golden hall (kondo) is a buddha hall -ambulatory on second floor, uninhabitable upper space |
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Minka: Gassho Zukuri Farmhouses -tall thatched roofs, mortis & tenon strengthened by roof -usually agricultural function w/ high roof (silkworms) -silkworms stored in big baskets with lots of leaves; baskets can be layered allowing for storage of more worms -thatched roofs provide ideal insulation/temp for silkworms -roofs become more common as u move north due to climate -multi-level interior with kitchen on ground floor -for fires: stone-laid square basin in the floor, trap door in ceiling to let the smoke out of the house -raised common rooms with sunken hearths -in far north, houses can be made entirely of thatch to keep house warmer |
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Ryoanji - Muromachi 1499 -open area bound by walls -15 rocks laid in pattern surrounded by moss and gravel -many interpretations (islands in the ocean, lions & cubs in water) -the gravel is generally interpreted as water -from veranda, u can't see all the rocks at once: revelations happen as u move from one place to another -everything in garden changes over time (erosion from wind, rain, etc) -light also adds to interpretation/changes in garden: it affects colors and shadows |
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"White Heron" Castle of the Himeji - Momoyama began 1580 -monumental buildings become part of daimyo culture, needed more protection of their land (also competition for reputation and prestige) -solid earth walls w/ eaves and ornamental gables (gables are ornamental only) -occupied a strategic space, in between two valleys -several different layers of fortification, makes it a maze -built up on a hill for defense; holes in walls for defense (can fit a gun or arrow thru the holes) -rooms at top for defense: thick bars let weapons go thru and provide defense -trap doors in tops of doorways leading up to main building -defense more elaborate at the tenshu (keep) -steep rock base makes it difficult to knock down and difficult to climb -timber frame architecture w/ thick heavy beams to prevent fires, beams are additionally plastered over |
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Katsura detached palace - Edo 1620-63 -apotheosis of the sukiya style, coming from shoin style -surrounded by stroll garden w/ notions taken from tea gardens -main villa asymmetrical, designed on a diagonal -timber frame raised building w/ bark roofs & shoji -refined and clean treatment of basic materials -architecture all about proportion, plan, flexible interior/exterior -tatami mats have set dimensions, used for building sizes |
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Nagakin Capsule Tower 1972 -Japan became leading in technological advancement, but had poor urban planing -place for businessmen to sleep in the city during work week while still being able to live w family in suburbs on weekends -metabolists believe cities should be flexible, constantly changing -based in solid steel-frame core w/ elevator and bathrooms -ideally, ppl could unplug their capsule and replug into another urban core but they never figured out how to be able to detach -emblem of phase in Japan reaching to the future -modernization changed to become fostering of Japanese sensibility to architecture/other that became influential worldwide |
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Meriam House (Aboriginal High Dome Dwelling), Torres Straits Islands, Australia late 19th century -ppl known for their ability to build houses in many differnt shapes -made by making skeleton w/ poles then layered foliage -built to ensure water runs off the house -central pole creates point at the top |
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Bai House Melekeok, Belau -lightweight structure with thatched roof -bai is a men's ceremonial clubhouse -building faces ocean on one end, village on the other -roofs can be 20-30 meters tall but not functional (all about external expression and creating monuments) -imagery usually tell village histories, often found on lintels -woman at the entrance is a mythological figure: emblem of wealth and a social reminder of _____ -while men r rulers, power comes from mother's side of family -ocean is men's world, island/natural is women's, bai acts as boundary -faces at entrance are meant to ward off interference -roosters: symbol of masculinity, mark function of house -fish are fishing birds, bringing wealth into the village |
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Nan Madol, Pohnpei, height of habitation 1500 -most villagers lived on main island, kings lived on built up islands -islands built up using basalt on naturally forming volcanic hexagonal columns -may have housed 1000 people at its peak -megalithic construction began in 1200s -different islands in complex serve their own purpose (canoe production, coconut oil production, etc) -tall walls on platform on the sea for protection |
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Moai, Rapa Nui, 1250-1500 -marks the end of the polynesian voyage, created its own distinct society due to remoteness of location -largest Moai is 33ft high; heaviest is 86 tons -they r men sitting on the ground/platform -mainly found on the coastline of the island -represented ancestors of one group (one boatload) -territory divided on island like when u cut a pie -images quarried from hill then transferred but it is unclear how they moved them -used to have eyes made of coral (ancestors r watching u) |
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Togu na (Men's house of words) Dogon people, Mali -city hall; men got together to discuss village affairs -thatch roof supported by post lintel -transverse beams extend from front to back, placed in notches of tops of columns -symbols on columns r ancestors, keep bad influences out and provide protection -structure is SHORT so there is no rowdiness. no standing lol -sculptures usually have boobs and dicks (fertility symbols) |
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Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali, 1200's -1907 -front of mosque has three towers and no entrance -tower is where central mirab is, indicated by recess -timbers used as scaffolding for when mud needs repairs -recesses and protrusions in walls strengthen the walls -resurfaced every year to protect the mosque -interior pointed arch symbolic memory of other mosques, not structural |
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Ganvie House Benin, 1800s -village a result of slave trading, ppl moved out to the water to avoid being taken and sold -> large mix of ppl and cultures -originally more marshland and a fishing community -houses built on stilts driven into bottom of the lake -timber frame w/ thatched roofs -women trade & cook fish, men just catch them -building frame usually shown on outside of house -walls mainly for privacy, not insulation. it is hot there -wooden walls begin to show up w/ western expansion |
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Nankani Compound Ghana |
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Zulu House -arc of dome shaped houses around kraal in center -kraal holds the wealth in the form of cows -war-like culture where they would take other ppls cows -portability and lack of permanence in buildings due to constant raids -hierarchical placement of houses, highest status closest to center/back -chief doesnt have his own house but all his wives do, he goes to all their houses. top wife has best house, opposite of entrance to village and has the most privacy -single warrior houses at front to defend against raid -smaller containers for baby cows so adult cows dont kill them -houses vary based on location and climate -domes created over flexible timber frame poles lashed together w/ layers of grass on top -in late 1800s, decorative elements start to show up through knotwork of grass coverings, show status of household -knotwork also keeps roofs down, not entirely decorative -small fence on the side for protection against wind -some domes are free-standing and some have a pole in the middle |
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Ndebele House (house of Esther Mahlangu) -group related to Zulu who settled down and mixed cattle culture w/ agriculture -traditional culture w/ chief and many wives, best wife could paint the best houses -round plan houses, walls made of adobe with conical roofs -by late 18th century women began painting houses with abstract geometric patterns adopted from textiles -patterns symbolize family wealth |
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Great Zimbabwe 1000's - 1400s -shona people were both merchants and traders, brought gold from mines out for trade -probably was a settlement for Shona king and his court -the acropolis: defensible, probably served practical or ceremonial purpose; overhanging rock on cliff that would echo throughout valley -enclosure is organic in form, thick outer stone with only entrance on southern end -interior has thinner walls w/ enclosures, might've had roofs at one point -wall right inside exterior wall to create interior courtyard -ashlar masonry cut stone w/ fairly regular bricks, no mortar needed -doorways had long stones in form of beams mortised into either side of wall and had stacked stone on top -southern entrance had decoration on doorway -chevron pattern possibly imitates textile patterns -notches in some places suggest spots for flags or poles to support roofs -conical sculpture in very center w/ symbols of eagle and alligator (ancestral deities) -tower is not hollow! why! |
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Lalibela Church of St George, Ethiopia 1100's -1200s -ancient pilgrimage site to create "new Jerusalem" -rock-cut architecture, cut into a hillside -Greek cross in plan, situated within courtyard -courtyard has dwelling places for priests -altar held behind a curtain, visitors don't usually get to see -horizontals on exterior are illusion of multiple stories -memory of masonry -interiors painted with murals of Christian figures |
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Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 687 - 692 -site of Mi'raj: Mohammed's ascension to heaven -site is held sacred by the three Abrahamic traditions, though the dome itself is only sacred to Muslims -rock has other meanings in other traditions: grave of adam or where Abraham took Isaac to be sacrificed -octagonal structure, centrally planned w/ central (not a true) dome -dome is made of wood, timber-frame skeletal technology -dome exterior is covered in gold leaf -typical Islamic ornamentation: no human/animal figures, mainly plant forms and geometric patterning and Arabic calligraphy w/ Quranic verse -columns and arches are true -columns are actually Roman, taken from an older building |
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Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria 706-715 -notion of giant courtyard house goes back to the first mosque (Mohammed's house) -entrance has ablution fountain, purifying before praying -mihrab at one end facing mecca, highly ornamented -even on exterior the mihrab is ornamented, has a pediment and dome over it (directly out of Byzantine tradition) -minbar next to the mihrab for leader of prayer to sit -dikka: platform where understudies sit -mosaic architectural forms represent classical legacy, adoption and adaption of Roman technologies |
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Alhambra, Granada, Spain 1354-1391 -an Alcazar: hilltop fortress -was last holdout of rulers of Islamic Spain (Mazrids) -spire is cathedral added after Islamic rule, square building is charles the fifth's added castle -two great garden courtyards are audience halls and dwelling halls for Mazrid sultans -entrance is through series of irregular chambers and courtyards, possibly to confuse outsiders (Defense) -lush garden environments between halls to build up the image of paradise as written in Quranic verse; palace itself is meant to be a reflection of heaven -fountains work thru adaptation of Roman aqueducts -light desired in Islamic towers is usually dappled, partially for temp reasons and partially to give idea of heavenly environment -ceilings of buildings are wooden, put together like puzzle pieces -court of the lion references the four rivers of paradise |
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Khirat Al Mafjar, Palestine West Bank, early 700s -main section for the son of the sultan's palace -has more public courtyard attached w/ access to mosque -has two mosques: private one for prince, then main public mosque -across courtyard is throne hall and bath house (diwan) -there was an uncompleted caravanserai; central fountain for animals to drink from -bath complex laid lower than rest of structure to keep baths heated more easily -floor had elaborate mosaic patterns all over -mosaic w/ depictions of animals is considered ok b/c it's a prince's palace, and hunting is popular with royalty: symbol of status and military prowress |
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Taj Mahal 1631 -48 -mosque to the west, building to right only for symmetry -grass was flowers and herbs (grass was brought by the British) -river reflecting mausoleum is representative of parallel existence on heaven and earth -building is entirely marble, no red sandstone that was commonly used -caravanserai at one end; was likely meant to be a pleasure/recreation ground -double dome: exterior visible from everywhere and representative of vault of heaven; interior dome is small so it can be lit and visible -lots of semi-precious stone inlay, carved to fit (pietra dura) -lots of Arabic calligraphy and Arabesque -interior has octagonal platform w/ cenotaph in center |
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Shahi Mosque, Isfahan (and the Maydan) 1611-1638 -built on a diagonal compared to city plan so that it faces Mecca (kibla) -maydan: each archway is a shop -private court mosque is super extravagant -lots of mosaic covering walls in floral patterns -central dome has clearstory to illuminate -double dome again |
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Quwwat Al - Islam mosque, Dehli 12th century -india's first great islamic mosque -largely in ruins today but illustrates power associated w/ dynasty -small tombs added to sides of mosque -wall facing kibla is lined with different minbars -ogival arch, but not a true arch; stones are corbeled -designers from from Persia but builders from India (no true vaults) -usual ornamentation of calligraphy, arabesque, geometric patterns -ruins show human figures from reuse of torn down Hindu temples -mostly sandstone, but has white marble banding -muezi would only go to 2nd or 3rd floor b/c otherwise ppl couldn't hear him |
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Kawaju Bridge, Isfahan Mid 1600's -began creating environments better suited for urban life -lots of arches allow breeze to flow thru, nice relaxation place -bridge also tames river: channels river away from city and keeps flood from damaging the city -iwan line bridge w/ fancy ones in central pavillion -pointed true arches |
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La Venta, Olmecs, 1500-30 BCE -bad area for preserving artifacts - hot and humid and petroleum can be easily found under soil -hill represents a volcanic mountain -> suggests ppl came from the mountains and held mountains sacred, no mountains to worship here so they built one -large heads made out of basalt boulders mark out precinct -rolled on logs to where they are now -carved using other stone, drilling stones a line to make attachment brittle so that stone can be knocked off, then smoothed -meant to protect the site; images of former leaders -drilled holes all over faces are ritual killings |
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Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan c. 150-700 -sloped pyramid in steps, multiple layers -paired stairway, plaza, unified stairway, plaza, repeat -aligned to east-west movement of the sun during solstice -built over a small cave that has been reshaped by humans -Aztecs believe this is where the first people came from, coming up out of the underworld -statue of great goddess inside cave (fertility goddess?) -carving is rectilinear and abstracted |
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Temple 1, Tikal, Maya, 300-900 -temple is callback to Olmecs placing mountain in the city -top of temple is confined ritual space, only for royalty -flat stone billboard at the top is ornamental -three corbel-vaulted chambers at top platform -for rituals, rulers dress up in elaborate costume (jadeite jewelry, feathers, polished stone, etc) |
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The palace at Palenque, Chiapas (500-900) -three courtyards w/ large tower in one of them -only Maya building that has this kind of tall structure -structure has thickest walls at bottom, load bearing -layers of steps leading to building important for sacrifice -plaques reflect ancestral stories w/ the king, justification of rule -interior palace courtyard has kneeling figures posed to look up at whoever is standing in palace |
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Chichen Itza, Tultec, 850-1200 -city was probably Maya and then taken over by Tultecs -influences from smaller cultures seen, prob more cosmopolitan city -cenotes are sacred, believed to be doors to the underworld -lots of ball courts, + circular structure believed to be an observatory -snail shell tower frames constellations important to Maya -castillo square in plan, all faces look p much the same -military is very important so men dominate subject in art -bases of pillars have feathered serpents |
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Tula, Tultec, Hidalgo (800-1100s) -talud tablero construction on stumpy pyramid -first introduction of use of columns -possibly hall of warriors due to importance of warrior culture -at top there was originally a ritual building for kings (adobe walls) -columns are abstracted figures of Tultec warriors -base of pyramid has relief sculpture w/ nobility and feathered serpent -condors and jaguars are most common motifs -chacmool: used for offerings to the gods (drinks, turkeys, tobacco, chili peppers, etc) |
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Machu Picchu, Inca, Peru, 15th century -town built on top of mountain to house royalty during hot seasons -open public space in middle with terraces on the sides with houses -dry-laid masonry, stones carved to fit perfectly -inca house is gable-ended and single roofed, roofs originally thatch -observatory is ritual building: enclosed room w/ curved wall closing off small space, entrance carved beneath |
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Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan, Aztec, 1400-1500 -center of city is naturally occurring island -floating islands made from dense floating river plants -double pavilion at top with two staircases, probably for worship of two gods -god on right: Huitzilopochli, Aztec ancestor and hunter god -left: Tlaloc, rain god -built in many phases, kept adding as ritual act -war captives from captured groups to be sacrificed here |
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Pueblo Bonito, 900-1100 CE, Cacho Canyon, New Mexico -rectilinear multi-family houses facing open courtyards -kiva sunken in plaza, circular ceremonial buildings -plazas for working and ceremonies -buildings aligned for view over valley and aligned with the sun -buildings made with dry-laid cut stone -stone boxes on floor of kiva are storage for sacred objects -kiva entrance is thru ladder, hole in middle of the roof -fire in center where men gather around |
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Tipi, Cheyenne, 19th Century -skeletal structure of cone of poles wrapped in buffalo hide -housing meant to be portable -before Spanish brought horses, dogs did transportation of tipis -top of cone off-center so fire smoke can get out -tipis camp in a circle with center for ceremonial purposes -usually opening of circle is on the east (sunrise) |
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Kwakiuti "Raven" House, 19th or 20th Century -sculptural beak extends from house -houses embody spirits -multiple entrance: regular square entrance and ceremonial entrance -religious life engaged w/ house, recount spiritual history |
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Iglu 20th century LMao |
