Survey Of The Kingdoms

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taxonomy

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the scientific study of how living things are classified

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bionomial nomenclature

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the system for naming organisms in which each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name indicating its genus and species

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prokaryote

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an organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures

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eukaryote

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an organism whose cells contain nuclei

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virus

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a tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell

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host

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an organism that provides a source of energy or a suitable environment for a virus or another organism

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parasite

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an organism that lives in or on a host and causes harm to the host

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bacteria

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single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus - also called prokaryotes

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flagellum

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a long, whip-like structure that helps a cell to move

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asexual reproduction

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a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent

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conjugation

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the process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism

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vaccine

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a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of antibodies that destroy specific disease-causing viruses and other organisms

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protist

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a eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus

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protozoan

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an animal-like protist

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pseudopod

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a "false-foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans

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cilia

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the hair-like projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

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symbiosis

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a close relationship between two organisms in which at least one of the organisms benefits

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mutualism

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a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from living together

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spore

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a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism

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red tide

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an algal bloom that occurs in salt water

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eutrophication

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the building over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in the growth of algae

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fungi

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eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce

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hyphae

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the branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

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budding

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a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent

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lichen

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the combination of fungus and eithe an alga or an autotrophic bacterium that live together in a mutualistic relationship

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nonvascular plant

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a low growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue

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vascular plant

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a plant that has true vascular tissue

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sporophyte

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the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores

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gametophyte

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the stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells

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phloem

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the vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants

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cotyledon

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a seed leaf; sometimes stores food

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cambium

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a layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells

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gymnosperm

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a plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit

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angiosperm

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a flowering plant that produces seeds in a productive structure

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stamen

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the male reproductive part of a flower

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pistil

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the female reproductive part of a flower

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tropism

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the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

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photoperiodism

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a plant's response to seasonal changes in the length of night and day

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bilateral symmetry

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line symmetry; the quality of being divisible into halves that are mirror images

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radial symmetry

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the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point

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cnidarians

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an invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself

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closed circulatory system

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a circulatory system in which blood moves only within a connected network of tubes called blood vessels

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mollusk

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an invertebrate with a soft, unsegmented body; most are protected by a hard outer shell

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open circulatory system

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a circulatory system in which the heart pumps blood into open spaces in the body and blood is not confined to blood vessels

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radula

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a flexible ribbon of tiny teeth in mollusks used for scraping algae

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exoskeleton

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a waxy, waterproof outer shell or outer skeleton that protects the animal and helps prevent evaporation of water

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arthropod

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an invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages

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echinoderm

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a radially symmetrical invertebrate that lives on the ocean floor and has an internal skeleton

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cartilage

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a tissue that is more flexible that bone