Survey Of The Kingdoms

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Taxonomy

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The scientific study of how livings are classified.

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Binomial nomenclature

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The system for naming organisms in which each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name indicating its genus and species.

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Prokaryote

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An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures.

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Eukaryote

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An organism whose cells contain nuclei.

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Virus

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A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

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Host

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An organism that provides a source of energy or a suitable environment for a virus or another organism.

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Parasite

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An organism that lives in or in a host and causes harm to the host.

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Bacteria

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Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus: also called prokaryotes.

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Flagellum

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A long, whip-like structure that helps a cell to move.

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Asexual reproduction

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A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

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Conjugation

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The process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism.

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Vaccine

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A substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific disease-causing viruses and organisms.

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Protist

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A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

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Protozoan

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An animal-like protist.

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Pseudopod

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A “false-foot” or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans.

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Cilia

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The hair-like projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner.

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Symbiosis

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A close relationship between two organisms in which at least one of the organisms benefits.

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Mutualism

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A type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from living together.

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Spore

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A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism.

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Red tide

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An algal bloom that occurs in a salt water.

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Eutrophication

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The building over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in growth of algae.

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Fungi

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Are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.

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Hyphae

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The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.

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Budding

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A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.

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Lichen

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The combination of fungus and either an alga or an autotrophic bacterium that live together in a mutualistic relationship.

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Nonvascular plant

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A low-growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue.

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Vascular plant

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A plant that has true vascular tissue.

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Sporophyte

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The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.

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Gametophyte

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The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

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Phloem

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The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants.

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Xylem

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The vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants.

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Cotyledon

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A seed leaf; sometimes stores food.

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Cambium

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A layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells.

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Gymnosperm

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A plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit.

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Angiosperm

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A flowering plant that produces seeds in a protective structure.

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Stamen

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The male reproductive part of a flower.

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Pistil

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The female reproductive part of a flower.

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Tropism

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The growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus.

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Photoperiodism

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A plant’s response to seasonal changes in length of night and day.

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Bilateral symmetry

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Line symmetry; the quality of being divisible into halves that are mirror images.

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Radial symmetry

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The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.

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Cnidarians

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An invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself.

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Closed circulatory system

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A circulatory system in which blood moves only within a connected network of tubes called blood vessels.

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Mollusk

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An invertebrate with a soft, unsegmented body; most are protected by hard outer shell.

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Open circulatory system

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A circulatory system in which the heart pumps blood into open spaces in the body and blood is not confined to blood vessels.

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Radula

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A flexible ribbon of tiny teeth in mollusks.

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Arthropod

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An invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages.

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Exoskeleton

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A waxy, waterproof outer shell or outer skeleton that protects the animal and helps prevent evaporation of water.

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Echinoderm

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A radially symmetrical invertebrate that lives on the ocean floor and has an internal skeleton.

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Cartilage

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A tissue that is more flexible than bone.