Survey Of Environmental Health

Front 1

algae: benefits

Back 1

-food for humans and animals/seaweed
-source of dissolved oxygen

Front 2

algae: environmental impact

Back 2

-oxygen depletion
-clogging water filters
-algal blooms/eutrophication
-color/taste/odor of drinking water
-red tide caused by dinoflagellates that produce toxins

Front 3

eutrophication

Back 3

any depletion of dissolved (free) oxygen

Front 4

algal blooms

Back 4

form when there is too much N or P in water, causing rapid algal growth; leads to oxygen depletion and organisms cannot survive

Front 5

bacteria: growth factors

Back 5

-temperature
-oxygen
-pH
-moisture
-osmotic pressure
-food

Front 6

bacteria: temperature categories

Back 6

cryophilic (<20 C)
mesophilic (20-45 C)*
thermophilic (46-65 C)
thermoduric (>66 C)

*group most pathogens belong to because it is body temperature

Front 7

bacteria: oxygen

Back 7

-aerobic: requires free (pure) O2
-anaerobic: combined oxygen (NO, SO, PO oxides)
-facultative (free or combined)

Front 8

growth curve phases

Back 8

1. lag
2. log
3. stationary
4. decline

Front 9

bacteria in waste water

Back 9

*treat AEROBICALLY

-activated sludge
-trickling filters
-biodiscs

Front 10

bacteria in food

Back 10

contamination
-diseases
-disinfection
-pasteurization
-sterilization

industry: fermentation

Front 11

bacteria in soil

Back 11

-top 3 inches bc they are aerobic
-degrade/detoxify toxic chemicals
-sulfur/nitrogen/carbon cycles

Front 12

management of hospital environment

Back 12

-hazardous materials
-waste (s/l/g)
-food/water/air
-emergency preparedness
-safety
-security
-medical equipment

Front 13

CDC "Universal Precautions Standard"

Back 13

designed to protect employees from exposure to blood/fluids of AIDS patients

Front 14

6 components of Universal Precautions Standard

Back 14

1. administrative controls
2. work control practices
3. personal protective equipment
4. housekeeping
5. employee health program
6. engineering controls

Front 15

UPS: administrative controls

Back 15

-institution has a responsibility to establish an infection control program with policies and procedures
-describe pt care practices: cleaning, disinfection, sterilization

Front 16

UPS: work control practices

Back 16

-handling pts, specimens,
-handwashing!
-lab employees (blood drawing story)

Front 17

UPS: personal protective equipment

Back 17

-extra covering when dealing with a pt: gloves, mask, etc.
-CDC manual decides what's appropriate

(new part: Transmission-Based Precautions: airborne, droplet, contact)

Front 18

UPS: housekeeping

Back 18

-cleaning of surfaces; linen/laundry
-laundry facilities monitored by local health agencies

Front 19

UPS: employee health program

Back 19

-to prevent disease transmission pts <--> employee
-includes screening and post-exposure evaluation

Front 20

UPS: engineering controls

Back 20

-cleaning/sterilizing/disinfecting pt care equipment
-handling and disposal of infectious waste; airconditioning/ventiliation

Front 21

sterilization

Back 21

kills all viable microorganisms by reacting with the cell membrane and destroying DNA

Front 22

examples of sterilization

Back 22

-thermal (steam, dry) (preferred)
-chemical (EtO, CFCs)
-ozone (oxidizes metals, plastics)
-gamma, microwave radiations
-plasma (hydrogen peroxide)

Front 23

disinfection

Back 23

reduces the number of viable microorganisms; kills most pathogens but not spores

Front 24

examples of disinfection

Back 24

-UV irradiation (does not penetrate large dust particles, droplets)
-pasteurization (hot water at 75 C)
-liquid chemicals (halogens, phenols, quaternary ammonia, aldehydes)

Front 25

glass bead sterilizers

Back 25

for medical instruments because they are not heat sensitive

-rinse instruments in cool, sterile saline solution before using on/in someone

Front 26

aquifer

Back 26

an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated material from which groundwater can be usefully extracted

can be confined (between two impervious layers) or unconfined

Front 27

piezometric surface

Back 27

the level at which the hydrostatic water pressure in an aquifer will stand if it is free to seek equilibrium with the atmosphere

for artesian wells, this is above the ground surface

Front 28

flowing artesian well

Back 28

occurs when the mouth of the well is at or below the level of water in the confined aquifer; hydrostatic pressure naturally makes this self-flowing

Front 29

3 types of wells

Back 29

dug: man-made; shallow;

driven: from unconfined water sources; for houses on the outskirts of a city

drilled: deepest; for confined water sources

Front 30

the first requirements of an organized society?

Back 30

an adequate and safe water supply and proper disposal of human wastes

Front 31

basic points of the Clean Water Act

Back 31

-1977 official
-in 1972 growing public awareness and concern for water pollution
-basic structure for regulating discharge of pollutants
-gave EPA authority to implement pollution control programs
-contains requirements for water quality standards for contaminants in surface waters

Front 32

environmental factors affecting human health

Back 32

1. transmission & types of diseases depend on interactions between people, the environment, and themselves)
2. water/food quality and quantity
3. methods of waste disposal
4. vectors of disease
5. social/cultural practices

Front 33

what did the Clean Water Act make unlawful?

Back 33

the discharge of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters without a permit

Front 34

types of water contaminants

Back 34

1. biological (bacteria, parasites, viruses)
2. chemical
-inorganic (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Fe)
-organic (pesticides, petrochemicals)
3. physical (odor, turbidity, color, taste)

Front 35

types of water infections

Back 35

1. water-borne
2. water-based
3. water-washed
4. water-related

Front 36

water-borne diseases

Back 36

pathogens present in water supply

ex: diarrheal diseases, cholera, typhoid

control: water quality, health education

Front 37

water-based diseases

Back 37

pathogen spends part of life cycle in water

ex: guinea worm, schistosomiasis, aquatic intermediate host

control: water quality, intermediate host control

Front 38

water-washed diseases

Back 38

spread of pathogen affected by quantity of water available for hygiene

ex: trachoma, scabies

control: water quantity, soap, health education

Front 39

water-related diseases

Back 39

pathogen is spread by insects that feed and breed in water

ex: malaria, yellow fever

control: source reduction, biological and chemical control, health education

Front 40

3 objectives of water treatment

Back 40

1. provide water safe for human consumption
2. provide water pleasing to the senses
3. provide adequate quantities at reasonable prices

Front 41

conventional water treatment plan

Back 41

coagulation
sedimentation
filtration
disinfection
storage
distribution

Front 42

2 reasons why water needs to be treated

Back 42

1. if people refuse to drink it on the basis of color and/or taste; and/or

2. chemicals or organisms present in water pose a potential health risk

Front 43

how to treat water if people aren't drinking it

Back 43

1. straining
2. aeration
3. storage/settlement
4. disinfection (chemical, solar, boiling)
5. coagulation and flocculation
6. filtration (sand, charcoal, ceramic)

Front 44

distilled water

Back 44

flat, tasteless

Front 45

drinking water

Back 45

from springs, wells, and treated surface waters

contains minerals; treated to destroy pathogens

Front 46

natural water

Back 46

with little or no treatment

contains minerals, treated for pathogens

Front 47

pros and cons of collected rainwater

Back 47

PROS:
-usually less polluted than ground water (unless you live in an industrialized-heavy area)
-more convenient to collect than from a point source

CONS:
-some local difficulties because it is different from norms established by water aid agencies
-more costly than large-scale water technologies

Front 48

maringa oleifera

Back 48

a seed containing a positively charged protein to clarify water

Front 49

what home filters can be made of

Back 49

charcoal, cloth, ceramic, clay, zeolite, paper, diatomaceous earth, membrane

Front 50

what home filters can decrease

Back 50

Cl, Pb, particulates/cysts, turbidity, herbicides, pesticides

Front 51

ways to disinfect water

Back 51

-boiling >10 minutes
-add chlorine cmpds such as bleach
-add iodine cmpds such as tetraglycine hydroperiodide
-microfiltration (eliminates most biological contaminants except extracellular viruses)
-ozone (oxidizes like Cl)
-solar disinfection

Front 52

SODIS and why it is good

Back 52

solar water disinfection

good for developing countries because sunlight is free

Front 53

limitations of SODIS

Back 53

-not for large volumes of water
-requires relatively clear water to begin with (turbidity <30 NTU)
-does not change chemical water quality
-needs solar radiation

Front 54

what SODIS depends on

Back 54

intensity of sun
-latitude/geographical location
-time of year, time of day
-weather conditions

exposure time

Front 55

characteristics of SODIS containers

Back 55

-material (glass vs. plastic)
-dimensions

(UV radiation decreases as depth increases)

Front 56

contaminated water depends on amount of...

Back 56

1. turbidity
2. temperature
3. dissolved oxygen, nutrients
4. type of bacteria exposed

Front 57

SODIS water sources, from most successful in removing fecal coliforms to least successful

Back 57

1. covered well with manual pump
2. covered well with rope pump
3. uncovered well
4. water hole
5. spring (WORST)

Front 58

how to clean SODIS bottles

Back 58

1. use hot water and chlorine
2. dry in sun

Front 59

why do we care about disposing of waste water effectively?

Back 59

1. to prevent it from coming into contact with humans/animals/food/children/ice cream parlors

2. prevent insect breeding
3. adherence to local/nat'l/int'l standards (unlike wally)
4. prevent water pollution in bathing areas, soil, area

Front 60

methods of collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater

Back 60

1. pit privies
2. masonary vault privy
3. pail/can privy
4. chemical toilet
5. septic tank
6. public treatment plants

Front 61

what are two possibilities to treat solid waste in sludge digestion tanks?

Back 61

mix them, then either aerate them or do not aerate them.

if you do not aerate, then you add methane gas and fire/light to create a flame to prevent odors from seeping out

Front 62

public treatment of waste schematic

Back 62

1. Screens
2. Grit chambers
3. Primary settling
4. Secondary treatment
-activated sludge
-trickling filters
5. Final settling
6. Disinfection
7. Disposal

Front 63

BOD

Back 63

biochemical oxygen demand

indicates how much oxygen is required to activate sludge and prevent odors based on amount of organic material present

Front 64

5-day BOD amounts (mg/L) for various pollutants

Back 64

raw sewage (150-250)
cannery waste (5000-6000)
pulp mills (10,000-15,000)
scouring plant waste (>220,000)

Front 65

pros for stabilization ponds

Back 65

-inexpensive to build/operate/maintain
-good for areas with warm climate
-does not require disinfection if effluent is in non-crop fields

Front 66

cons for stabilization ponds

Back 66

-only for small populations (<2000)
-not good Up North
-needs to be disinfected if effluent ends up in a receiving water body
-duckweed/algae can accumulate, causing it to become anaerobic and stink

Front 67

uses for recycled human waste

Back 67

-biogas generation
-charcoal production
-saves on landfill space
-land application (cheaper than incinerators/landfills)
-protects water quality
-provides nutrients to plants
-reduces soil erosion

Front 68

air pollution

Back 68

1. the introduction of hazardous materials into the atmosphere as a result of human activity

2. the presence in the outdoor air of material sufficient to cause health/injury/damage to living things or interfere with the enjoyment of life
(Happiness? HA.)

Front 69

primary pollutant

Back 69

one emitted directly from the source

(CO, SO2)

Front 70

secondary pollutant

Back 70

a primary pollutant that reacts with other things in the environment

(CO2, SO3, O3)

Front 71

classifications of air pollutants--state of matter

Back 71

-dusts
-particulates
-smoke/smog
-gases
-vapors/mists/fog

Front 72

classifications of air pollutants--physiological effects

Back 72

-Asphyxiants (CO)
-Irritants (NH3, Cl2)
-Systemic poisons (Hg vapor, like mad hatters!)

Front 73

sources of air pollution

Back 73

-Transportation (automobiles)
-Electric power plans (burn coal, oil, which contain high amounts of sulfur)
-Industry (mills, smelters, petrochemicals)
-space heating/solid waste disposal

Front 74

7 major APs

Back 74

1. Total suspended particles
2. Sulfur oxides
3. Nitrogen oxides
4. Carbon monoxide
5. Ozone
6. Hydrocarbons
7. Lead

Front 75

total suspended particles

Back 75

form: solid, liquid
source: combustion, industrialization
acts as a respiratory irritant, decreases visibility, corrodes metal

Front 76

sulfur oxides

Back 76

gas form
from coal/oil burning
irritant, corrodes metal, damages textiles, major source of acid rain

Front 77

nitrogen oxides

Back 77

gas form
from cars, power plants
irritant, decreases visibility, toxic to plants, major source of acid rain

Front 78

carbon monoxide

Back 78

gas form
from incomplete combustion, cars
fatal at high concentrations, CO-->CO2-->acid rain

Front 79

ozone

Back 79

gas
indirectly comes from cars
-irritant, toxic to plants, corrodes rubber and paint

Front 80

hydrocarbons

Back 80

gas form
from cars, evaporation from gas stations/storage tanks, petrochemical industries/spills

cause ozone formation; some are carcinogens

Front 81

lead

Back 81

metal and aerosol form
from leaded gasoline, cars, industry
damages CNS, kidneys

Front 82

acid rain in forests, lakes

Back 82

forests: interferes with degradation of organic material

lakes: metals are released back into aquatic environment with the possibility of entering the food chain; decreases pH to a point where life cannot survive in water

Front 83

sources of food contamination

Back 83

-pesticides
-methods of harvesting
-transportation
-storage
-processing
-serving
-consumption

Front 84

food industry's role in food safety

Back 84

-maintaining their reputation
-it is in the interest of the company to employ experts in food safety (microbiologists, chemists)

Front 85

government's role in food safety

Back 85

-protect consumer from hazards we cannot detect ourselves (pathogens, radioactive material, toxins)
-monitors presence of these contaminants via chemical & biological analysis and evaluates toxicity of chemicals either naturally present or intentionally added

Front 86

consumer's role in food safety

Back 86

-50% of us feel responsible for ensuring the safety of our food
-we can usually inspect it but some contaminants require more sophisticated methods of detection

Front 87

3 categories of biological contaminants in food

Back 87

-bacterial intoxication
-bacterial infection
-parasitic infection

Front 88

examples of bacterial intoxication

Back 88

-botulism
-staphylococcus food preparation
-salmonellosis

Front 89

exotoxin

Back 89

a toxin EXCRETED by a microorganism; often fatal before the immune system has a chance to kick in

(ex: botulism)

Front 90

endotoxin

Back 90

a toxin produced and contained within the microorganism that is released when the cell lyses

(ex: staphylococcus, salmonellosis)

Front 91

examples of bacterial infections

Back 91

-typhoid
-bacillary dysentery
-cholera

Front 92

examples of parasitic infections

Back 92

-amaebic dysentery (amaebiasis)
-taeniasis (taenia saginata and solium)
-trichinosis
-ascariasis
-pin worm

Front 93

causes of food outbreak diseases

Back 93

1. not keeping it cold or hot when it needs to be
2. cooking/heating food not hot enough to kill pathogens
3. infected food handlers
4. contaminated utensils

Front 94

types of food preservation

Back 94

1. refrigeration and freezing
2. canning/jarring
3. drying
4. salting
5. pickling
6. smoking

Front 95

common pathogens in milk

Back 95

-salmonella
-campylobacter jejuni
-listeria monocytogenes
-staphylococcus
-e coli 0157:H7

Front 96

two types of pasteurization of milk

Back 96

1. HTST: high temp, short time

162 F for 16s, then cool to 39F and bottle at that temp

2. UHT-ultra high temp

280F for 2s then cooled to 2C (sterile; can be stored unopened on shelf)

Front 97

chemical contaminants of food from agriculture

Back 97

-herb-/insecticides
-soil treatment
-antibiotics
-growth promoters

Front 98

chemical contaminants from food additives

Back 98

intentionally added to:

-improve color/taste/appearance
-preserve food
-ease processing
-as substitutes

Front 99

genetically modified foods: basic idea

Back 99

gene transferred from one plant to another and from a non-plant to a plant

Front 100

potential consequences of GMF

Back 100

-cause additional allergic reactions
-environmental hazards
-contamination of nontarget crops

Front 101

solid waste

Back 101

any useless, unwanted, or discarded material; includes solids (refuse), liquids (sewage), gases (air pollutants)

Front 102

biodegradable material

Back 102

waste material capable of being broken down (usually by bacteria) into basic elements

most organic wastes are biodegradable

*sometimes can be more toxic than the original stuff*

Front 103

garbage

Back 103

putrescible solid waste resulting from the various steps involving food

Front 104

incinerator

Back 104

a facility designed to reduce the volume and weight of solid waste via combustion with or without a waste heat recovery system (controlled burning)

Front 105

industrial waste

Back 105

solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes

Front 106

leachate

Back 106

a liquid resulting from precipitation percolating through landfills containing water, decomposed waste, and bacteria;

important to keep it from contaminating the soil, water, air

Front 107

municipal solid waste

Back 107

nonhazardous waste generated in households, commercial establishments, and institutions

DOES NOT INCLUDE industrial/agricultural/mining wastes or sewage sludge

Front 108

recycling

Back 108

a resource recovery method involving the collection and treatment of waste product for use in manufacturing of the same or another product

Front 109

refuse

Back 109

all that is putrescible (biodegradable) or nonputrescible waste material that is discarded or rejected

Front 110

source reduction

Back 110

reducing the amount of waste generated that must eventually be discarded, either by reducing volume or extending the useful life of a product

Front 111

Solid Waste Disposal Act

Back 111

1965; implement federal assistance to
-improve disposal technology
-improve management practices
-support research into new approaches of disposal
-support training programs

Front 112

sources of solid waste, broken down

Back 112

Agriculture (51%)
Mining (40%)
Industrial (6%)
Municipal (3%)

Front 113

environmental health problems related to solid waste

Back 113

-Chemical hazards (pesticides, toxic fumes from gases H2S, CH4)
-Direct contact (broken glass, pathological waste)
-Air/water/soil pollution
-Breeding place for insects, rodents

Front 114

types of treatment & disposal of solid waste

Back 114

1. sanitary landfill
2. incineration
3. open dumping
4. composting
5. grinding & adding to sewage
6. hog feeding
7. pyrolysis
8. dumping in sea
9. recycling

Front 115

sanitary landfill

Back 115

disposes refuse on land without creating nuisances/hazards to public health & safety

-most economical
-accepts all types of solid waste

BUT requires daily top cover, susceptible to pollution, breeding place for vectors of disease

Front 116

incineration

Back 116

controlled combustion to burn s/l/g to gaseous material containing little or no combustible material

-efficient source of energy
-dec. volume
-can be close to residential areas

BUT air pollution, ash, expensive

Front 117

open dumping

Back 117

all too common but illegal; spread out over a large area is a source of food/harborage for vermin

Front 118

composting

Back 118

controlled biological decomposition of organic solid waste under aerobic conditions; must sort degradable from nondegradable

REQUIRES air, water, green & brown organic material

Front 119

brown organic material

Back 119

mostly dry/dead plant material; needs to be moistened before being put in compost

Front 120

green organic material

Back 120

fresh plant material; contains more Nitrogens than brown material

Front 121

what you cannot compost

Back 121

human/animal waste, chemically treated anything, diseased plants, fatty food waste

Front 122

pyrolysis

Back 122

thermochemical process to turn complex organic solids into water, combustible gases, and stable residue without oxygen

Front 123

4 steps to integrated waste management

Back 123

Reduce
Recycle
Incinerate
Landfill

Front 124

radioactivity

Back 124

the spontaneous emission of radiation resulting from changes in the nucleus

Front 125

stuff emitted during radioactive decay

Back 125

-charged particles (alpha and beta)
-electromagnetic radiation (gamma ray)

Front 126

rad

Back 126

unit of radiation measuring absorbed dose

Front 127

rem

Back 127

Roentgen Equivalent Man; special unit of dose equivalent

Front 128

Curie

Back 128

a measure of radioactivity of a substance

=3.7x10^(10) dpm (disintegrations per minute)

Front 129

radiation prevention

Back 129

1. to prevent the occurrence of severe radiation-induced diseases by adhering to dose-equivalent limits below a threshold

2. to limit risk to a reasonable level in comparison to non-radiation risks and in relation to benefits gained, economic factors, and societal needs

Front 130

sources of natural radiation

Back 130

-Radon-222, resulting from disintegration of Radium-235 (55%)
-cosmic rays that increase along with altitude (8%)
-human body (11%)

Front 131

sources of man-made radiation

Back 131

-medical exposure (15%)
-consumer products (3%)

Front 132

disposal of contaminated gases

Back 132

-filtration
-precipitation
-bottling
-incinceration

Front 133

disposal of contaminated solids and liquids

Back 133

-lagooning
-storage until half-life
-biological treatment
-transportation

Front 134

occupational health: biological agents

Back 134

-bacterial
-viral
-fungal
-parasitic

Front 135

biological hazard

Back 135

a living organism infectious to animals and humans

Front 136

class II hazard

Back 136

results from accidental exposure but can be controlled for in lab

(salmonella, mumps, measles)

Front 137

class III hazard

Back 137

requires special conditions for containment and a USDA permit to be imported from outside US (TB, rickettsia)

Front 138

class IV hazard

Back 138

extremely hazardous (smallpox, ebola)

Front 139

class V

Back 139

foreign animal pathogens that are prohibited from entering the US by law (tick-borne, african swine flu viru)

Front 140

chemical hazards: routes of entry

Back 140

1. inhalation
2. absorption
3. ingestion

Front 141

physical agents

Back 141

1. radiation (x- and gamma ray)
2. noise (90 dB PEL/8 hour day)
3. temperature
4. pressure

Front 142

OSH Act

Back 142

Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) guarantees a safe and healthy work place; gave workers protection

-OSHA sets standards and regulations
-NIOSH researches and identifies industrial hazards

Front 143

control of noise

Back 143

1. at source
2. enclosure
3. ear muffs/plugs, *helmets

Front 144

general aspects of mosquitoes

Back 144

-the adult flies; other 3 stages of development are at or in water
-egg must be submerged in water to hatch; larvae is/grows parallel to water surface

Front 145

diseases carried/caused by mosquitoes

Back 145

-anopheles: malaria, dog heartworm
-aedes albopictus: yellow and dengue fevers
-culex: filariasis

Front 146

general aspects of the house fly

Back 146

-non-biting
-prefers moist environments, organic material

Front 147

general aspects of the black fly

Back 147

-biting
-eggs laid in fast-flowing streams; larvae/pupae attach just below the surface
-control: larvicide + surfactant

Front 148

general aspects of the tse-tse fly

Back 148

-biting
-causes sleeping sickness
-breeds in bushes, along riverbanks

Front 149

general aspects of the sand fly

Back 149

-biting
-infections: viral (papatasi fever), bacterial fever (oroya) and protozoan (leischmaniasis)
-breed in caves, fissures in soil

Front 150

characteristics of rodents

Back 150

-sensitive whiskers, smell, hearing
-likes to run along stationary objects
-color-blind
-likes fresh fruits and meats

Front 151

signs you have rats

Back 151

-droppings
-runways
-burrows
-gnawing
-tracks

Front 152

disease caused by fleas, rodents, ticks

Back 152

-typhus, plague (fleas on rodents)
-relapsing fever (tick)
-rat bite fever, leptospirosis, trichinosis

Front 153

RCRA

Back 153

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
-reduces hazards of waste by tracking it (like a FedEx package)
-defines HW and sets standards for removal
-1984 amendment dealt with landfill

Front 154

hazardous waste

Back 154

any discarded material that may pose a substantial threat or potential danger to human health or the environment if improperly handled

Front 155

to be considered HW, it must be >=1 of the following:

Back 155

-corrosive
-reactive
-toxic
-ignitable

Front 156

physical steps of HW treatment

Back 156

-carbon adsorption
-evaporation
-filtration
-sedimentation
-membrane processes

Front 157

chemical steps of HW treatment

Back 157

-neutralization
-oxidation
-reduction
-precipitation

Front 158

thermal steps to HW treatment

Back 158

-plasma process
-incineration
-volatilize?

Front 159

biological steps to HW treatment

Back 159

-activated sludge
-trickling filters
-land application

Front 160

disposal steps of HW treatment

Back 160

-deep well injection
-land burial/landfills
-engineering storage

Front 161

acute toxicity

Back 161

-96 hours
-test in 2 animal species (1 non-rodent)
-LD50: lethal dose that kills 50% of test animals

Front 162

subacute toxicity

Back 162

-3 months
-feed animals different doses
-dose-response curve
-highest dose with NOAE estimates safe dose for humans

Front 163

chronic toxicity

Back 163

-animal life span
-3 generations
-when animals reproduce normally and have offspring without any malformations, then it's safe

Front 164

safety factors: divide by 10...

Back 164

...when chronic/subchronic human data identifying a NOAEL & animal data supports this

Front 165

safety factors: divide by 100...

Back 165

...when animal/nonhuman NOAEL data available, or when you have a human LOAEL

Front 166

safety factors: divide by 1000...

Back 166

...for animal/nonhuman LOAEL or with limited toxicity data

Front 167

safety factors: divide by 10,000...

Back 167

...when you only have a LOAEL and no NOAEL

Front 168

exposure

Back 168

contact with an agent via inhalation, ingestion, touching

Front 169

hazard

Back 169

the possibility that an agent can cause harm

Front 170

contamination

Back 170

the introduction into the water/air/soil a chemical, organic or radioactive material, or a living organism that will adversely affect the quality of that medium

Front 171

pharmacology

Back 171

the study of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and use of drugs

Front 172

what happens to drugs/toxins in the body

Back 172

1. distribution: organs that are reached; where it goes

2. metabolism: chemical transformation; produces metabolites

3. excretion: elimination (usually via the kidneys)

Front 173

pharmacology dose-response curve

Back 173

low dose: subtherapeutic; no obs

therapeutic (+ side effects)

>therapeutic: toxic

Front 174

toxicity

Back 174

the ability of a chemical to damage an organ system, disrupt a biochemical process, or disturb an enzyme system

Front 175

bioassays

Back 175

the measurement of biological system responses resulting from exposure to a chemical substance

Front 176

risk assessment

Back 176

examination of the nature and magnitude of risk to define the effects on both human and other receptors of exposure to contaminants