Surgical Tech

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Endemic

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Not alarming, few people more then normal/ present in region/community only

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Epidemiology

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Study of the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases and what contributes to their spread

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Contributing factors to spread of disease

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Population overcrowding, poor sanitation,lack of immunization,and methods of transmission

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Pandemic

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Word wide disease

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Epidemic

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Disease that occurs with a greater that normal incidence of reported cases ex . Typhoid cholera and dysentery

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First line of defense

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External and internal barriers ex. Skin, mucous,secretions/ all openings in body

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What happens when skin damaged ?

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Creates opening for microbes ex. Burns wounds

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Exception

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Subaceous glands have acidity that either kill or stops the growth of bacteria (oil producing glands)>ph low very aciditic, digestive secretions in the intestines are highly acidic/ create alkaline (which kills microbes)

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Second line of Defense

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Circulatory/chemical defense

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Examples of 2nd line defense

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Phagocytes (white blood cells) assist antibodies and other blood proteins by fighting back with against viruses and tumors with fever production, iron, and with the bodies response to injury or infection (inflammatory response)- garbage collectors of human body

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Fever (2nd response)

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Produces pyrogenic secretions that trigger the fever

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Inflammatory Response (2nd Response)

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Bodies response to injury, bacterial toxins,and pathogens by intiating this response

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THE GOOD Process of inflammatory response

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Damaged blood vessels will expand because of its dying /help needed/ more cells come/more eating there/more garbage eaten/more oxygen/more food/all expense of dialation of blood cell

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Bad Reaction of inflammatory Response

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Area of body turns red because more blood/body feels hot and pain/becomes swollen/if last more then 3-5 days if not anti-inflammatory drug needs to be given/if not loss of function can occur

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Third Line of Defense

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Immune response

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Examples of third Line of Response

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Antigen-Antibody Response-Antibody- Immunity

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ANTIGEN

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anything that goes into your body and causes you harm ex spores virus fungi allergent/antigen enemy antibody is the army

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Antibody

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Takes several weeks to build up /arky for your body against antigen

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Naturally aquired Active Immunity

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Sick= because of any antigen- develop antibodies to fight antigens

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ARTIFICAL AQUIRED ACTIVE

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Vaccine recognizes ID produces antibodies to fight weakened flu/ attenuation = weakened version of disease/ not the infection causing just the disease

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Type 4

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Does not involve antibodies /cell mediated / contact dermatology / allergic dermatitis /ppd test

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Antibody classifications

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IgA,igD,igE,igg,igM

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IgA

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The technique is membranes and internal body cavities against infection known as the secretory antibody since it is found in the saliva colastrum tears bloodstream and intestines. Prevent pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces

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IgD

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Function not well understood

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IgE

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Is the cause of allergies anaphylaxis drug sensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity in the skin test reactions. Call of rash or hives in allergic reactions runny nose and itchy eyes of hayfever asthma and shock in anaphylaxis.

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IgG

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Most abundant and smallest of the antibodies.

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IgM

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Largest antibody. First antibodies formed in response to infection.

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Examples of type 1 Hypersentivity

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This includes allergic responses to hey fever animals grasses and trees. Other responses under this type includes hives due to allergic food allergies drug allergies allergic response to insect bites or stings and anaphylactic shock type 1 allergic responses can be most dangerous and life threatening the reactions of ige antibodies causing this reaction.

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Examples of type 2 allergic responses

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This involves IgG or IgM antibodies and complement. Type two responses are cytotoxic responses when the wrong blood is given to a patient during a blood transfusion and Rh incompatibility reactions sometimes seen in pregnant females

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Examples of type 3 allergic response

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This involves IgM IgG antibodies neutrophiles and complement type 3 reactions are seen in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

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Natural Aquired Passive Immunity

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Performed antibodies formed in another individual ex breast milk mother - baby

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Fourth kind of immunity

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Antibodies created in an animal then frozen till needed for snake bites venom- patient gets injection of performed antibody because antiboidies take several weeks to manifest in human body and the need is emergency no time to wait life or death

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Which is faster

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Secondary response is faster then first response because of memory cells - creates memory of first attack to be prepared for next attack

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Humoral immunity

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When the antibodies are involved

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Cell-mediated immunity

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When the lymphocites are directly involved immunity and there is no antibody involvement

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Hypersensitivity reactions

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Abnormal/body overreaction

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Hypersensitivity reactions

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Abnormal/body overreaction

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Type 1

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Most dangerous/life threatening analyphlatic shock

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Type 2

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Cystoxic/miss matched blood tranfusion

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Type 3

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Autoimmune against self

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Type 3

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Autoimmune against self