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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
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12
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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5
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How many fused sacral vertebrae are there?
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5
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How many fused coccygeal vertebrae are there?
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4
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What are the normal curves of the vertebral column?
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Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are concave anteriorly.
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What are the vertebral curves that develop as an infant begins to raise its head and begin upright posture (respectively)?
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Cervical and lumbar curves are concave posteriorly.
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What is kyphosis?
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"Hunchback" increased posterior convexity, usually in the thoracic region.
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Why does kyphosis usually occur?
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As a result of crushed vertebral bodies or osteoporosis.
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What is lordosis?
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Increased anterior convexity in the lumbar region.
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Why does lordosis occur (3 reasons)
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Usually compensatory for a kyphotic curve. Also occurs during pregnancy and in persons with a weak trunk and abdominal muscles.
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What is scoliosis?
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Increased lateral curvature and rotation.
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What causes scoliosis?
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May be due to weakness of back muscles, poor posture, congenital defects in vertebrae development, and inequality in the length of lower limbs.
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Describe the vertebral body
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Cylindrical shaped anterior position of the vertebra that provides strength and gives support for body weight.
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How do vertebral bodies change as they progress inferiorly and why?
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Become increasingly larger in order to support increasingly greater body weight.
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Describe the ventral arch.
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Posterior position of the vertebrae. It is composed of paired pedicles and laminae that fuse.
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What are pedicles?
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Short post like processes that extend posteriorly from the vertebral bodies.
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Each pedicle has what and what are these structures for?
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Superior and inferior notches that, when the vertebrae are united, form the intervertebral foramina.
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What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramina?
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Is for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels.
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What are lamins?
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Two broad, flat plates of bone that extend from the pedicles to close the vertebral arch posteriorly.
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Spinous process?
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One projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the 2 laminae.
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Transverse process?
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2 project posterolaterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae on each side.
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How do adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other?
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Via superior and inferior articular processes that form synovial joints of the gliding type.
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What determines movement of adjacent vertebrae at the synovial joints?
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Primarily the shape of the processes and varies considerably according to vertebral region.
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Vertebral foramen?
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Spaces created by the posterior side of the vertebral body and the walls of the vertebral arch.
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Successive vertebral foramina form what?
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The vertebral canal through which the spinal cord travels.
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Cervical Vertebral bodies are _____ and why?
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Small because they bear less weight than other vertebrae.
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Cervical vertebral foramina are ______ and ______ ... why?
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Relatively large and triangular in shape to accommodate the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.
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Cervical transverse processes are short and have _____ ... why?
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Short and have transverse foramen through with the R&L vertebral arteries and veins travel.
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Which cervical vertebrae does not have a transverse foramen?
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C7
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Cervical spinous processed tend to be ____ and ____.
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Short and bifid (except c7)
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7th cervical vertebra (C7) has an exaggerated _____ called the ____.
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Exaggerated spinous process called the vertebra prominens that can be palpated when the neck is flexed.
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C1 is called what?
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Atlas
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The atlas consists of what?
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2 lateral masses (instead of transverse processes) that are connected by an anterior arch (replaced body) and posterior arch (instead of laminae.
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What does the atlas have on its cranial surface?
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Sulcus for the vertebral artery. The artery lies in this sulcus before passing through the atlantoocciptal membrane and entering the skull through the foramen magnum.
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C2 is called what?
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Axis
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Axis has what distinguishing feature?
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A tooth-like process called the dens, or odontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body.
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Dens mechanism/purpose
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Dens of the atlas forms a pivot joint with an articular facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas.
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What does the dens represent embryologically?
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The original body of the atlas.
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What occurs in a "hangman's fracture?"
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The pedicles of the axis are broken bilaterally and thus the body and posterior elements become separated.
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The bodies of t1-t12 are ___ shaped.
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Heart
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T1-T12 have what and why?
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Costal facets for articulations with the heads of the ribs.
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Thoracic transverse processes are ____ and how do they change
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long with length diminishing from T1-T12
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T1-T10 have what?
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Facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.
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Thoracic vertebral foramina are ____ and more ___ in shape than cervical and lumbar foramina?
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Small and more circular.
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Thoracic spinous process are ____ and have a _____.
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long and have a steep posterioinferior slope. Each spinous process overlaps the arch of vertebra inferior to it.
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Lumbar vertebral bodies are ____ because...
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Large because of the significant weigh they bear.
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Lumbar vertebral foramina are roughly _____ in appearance
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Triangular
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Lumbar transverse processes are ___ and ____ with NO ______
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long and slender with NO costal facets.
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Lumbar spinous processes are ____ and ____
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Short and sturdy.
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Sacrum is composed what?
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5 vertebrae fused into a triangular shaped wedge that forms the posterior part of the pelvic girdle.
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Transverse and spinous processes are fused to form what 2 structures?
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Pars lateralis and median sacral crest.
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Anterior (pelvic) surface is ____ and _____
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Smooth and concave.
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Posterior surface is ____ and _____
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rough and convex.
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Where is the sacral hiatus and what does it represent?
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Posterior, U-shpaed, represents the inferior end of the vertebra canal and is bridged only ligaments.
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What is the sacral hiatus the site of?
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Caudal anesthesia.
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What does the sacrum have 4 of?
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4 pairs of sacral foramina on both the anterior and posterior side for the exit of the rami of spinal nerves.
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Coccyx is a remnant of what?
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The embryonic tail
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What is the coccyx composed of?
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4 fused vertebrae that are quite small and have NO pedicles, laminae or spinous processes.
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Atlantoocciptal joint...
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A condyloid synovial join that allows only for limited flexion and extension
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Median atlantoaxial joint...
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A pivot joint between the dens and anterior arch (between C1 and C2)
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Zygapophyseal joints:
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Plane synovial joints formed by the apposing articular processes of adjacent vertebral arches.
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What do Zygapophyseal joints allow for?
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Control flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation of the vertebral column especially in the cervical and lumbar regions.
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Intervertebral Discs...
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Rounded cartilaginous tissue discs that join the articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae to form a symphysis joint with limited movement.
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What IV Discs account for what % of the vertebral column length?
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25%
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There is no IV Disc between which two vertebrae?
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C1 and C2
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Each IV Disc is composed of what 2 structures?
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Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
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Annulus fibrosus...
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Periphery formed by cocentric layers of fibrocartilage (very tough)
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Nucleus pulposus
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Gelatinous inner core.
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Ligaments...
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Impart strength to resist forces exerted in various movements of the vertebral column.
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)...
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strong, thick ligament extending from the occipital bone to the sacrum that covers and protects the anterior and lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
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What does the ALL help do?
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Resists hyperextension (whiplash) of the vertebral column.
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Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
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Is a narrow ligament that runs along the posterior side of vertebral bodies and discs.
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What does the PLL help do?
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Resist hyperflexion of the vertebral column (i.e. during a head-on collision when the head is violently forced on the thorax).
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What occurs lateral to the free edge of the PLL?
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Hernatiation of the nucleus puposus.
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)...
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strong, thick ligament extending from the occipital bone to the sacrum that covers and protects the anterior and lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
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Supraspinous ligament
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Stretches across the tips of the spinous processes.
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In what region is the supraspinous ligament different and why?
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In the cervical region it is thickened considerably to form the ligamentum nuchae, which serve as the site of attachment for some of the neck muscles.
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What does the ALL help do?
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Resists hyperextension (whiplash) of the vertebral column.
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What 3 divisions of back muscles are there?
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superficial, intermediate and deep groups.
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Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
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Is a narrow ligament that runs along the posterior side of vertebral bodies and discs.
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What does the PLL help do?
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Resist hyperflexion of the vertebral column (i.e. during a head-on collision when the head is violently forced on the thorax).
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Superficial fascia?
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Layer of subcutaneous fatty connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying muscles.
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What is deep to the superficial fascia?
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Muscles
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What occurs lateral to the free edge of the PLL?
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Herniation of the nucleus puposus.
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Supraspinous ligament
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Stretches across the tips of the spinous processes.
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In what region is the supraspinous ligament different and why?
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In the cervical region it is thickened considerably to form the ligamentum nuchae, which serve as the site of attachment for some of the neck muscles.
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What 3 divisions of back muscles are there?
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superficial, intermediate and deep groups.
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Superficial fascia?
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Layer of subcutaneous fatty connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying muscles.
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What is deep to the superficial fascia?
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Muscles
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)...
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strong, thick ligament extending from the occipital bone to the sacrum that covers and protects the anterior and lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
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What does the ALL help do?
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Resists hyperextension (whiplash) of the vertebral column.
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Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
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Is a narrow ligament that runs along the posterior side of vertebral bodies and discs.
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What does the PLL help do?
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Resist hyperflexion of the vertebral column (i.e. during a head-on collision when the head is violently forced on the thorax).
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What occurs lateral to the free edge of the PLL?
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Herniation of the nucleus puposus.
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Supraspinous ligament
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Stretches across the tips of the spinous processes.
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In what region is the supraspinous ligament different and why?
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In the cervical region it is thickened considerably to form the ligamentum nuchae, which serve as the site of attachment for some of the neck muscles.
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What 3 divisions of back muscles are there?
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superficial, intermediate and deep groups.
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Superficial fascia?
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Layer of subcutaneous fatty connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying muscles.
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What is deep to the superficial fascia?
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Muscles
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Muscles are encased in what?
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Deep fascia, a layer of connective tissue.
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What migrated to the back during development?
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Superficial (extrinsic) muscles.
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Where do the superficial muscles arise from and where do they insert (causing what)?
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Arise from the vertebral column and/or occiput and insert onto and cause movement of the bones of the upper extremity or ribs
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What supplies the superficial muscles?q
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Branches of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves.
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Intrinsic muscles are supplied by what?
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Dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves.
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Many of the nerves of the extrinsic muscles are branches of what?
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The brachial plexus (nerve complex to the upper extremity)
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What are the 4 primary superficial (extrinsic) muscles?
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Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major/minor
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Triangle of auscultation...
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created by the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and vertebral borer of the scapula.
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What can the triangle of auscultation be used for?
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auscultate lungs in the thoracic cavity when the trunk is flexed and the scapula is protracted.
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What are the two intermediate muscle groups of extrinsic muscles?
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Serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior.
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Thoracolumbar fascia...
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Very strong deep fascia of the intrinsic back muscles that aids in maintaining the integrity of the intrinsic back musculature/
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What does the thoracolumbar fascia consist of?
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An anterior layer attached to transverse processes and a posterior layer attached to spinous processes - 2 layers fuse along the lateral edge of the erector spinae.
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What is the superficial layer muscle of deep intrinsic muscle groups?
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Splenius
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What muscles are part of the intermediate layer of the deep intrinsic muscle group?
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Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis.
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What muscles make up the depp layer of the deep intrinsic muscle group?
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Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores.
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