Sullivan General Human Physiology Lecture 3

Front 1

Organic Molecules contain what element?

Back 1

C Carbon

Front 2

How many bonds does C form?

Back 2

4

Front 3

Organic Molecules
Notable

Back 3

* large molecules ... macromolecules
* polymers of small molecules

Front 4

Classes of Organic Molecule

Back 4

4 Classes:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Front 5

Carbohydrates
Notable

Back 5

* CHO
* 1% of body by weight
* most important in energy production in cells
* polar
* soluble in water
* simplest ... monosaccharides (pentoses/hexoses)
* complex ... disaccharides/polysaccharides

Front 6

Lipids
Notable

Back 6

* CHO (some N or P)
* 15% of body by weight
* nonpolar (covalently bonded) insoluble in water

Front 7

Name the SUBCLASSES of LIPIDS

Back 7

4 subclasses
1. fatty acids
2. triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
3. phospholipids
4. steroids

Front 8

Fatty Acids
Notable

Back 8

* COOH (acid) group at one end
* even number C
* all C single bonded ... saturated
* some double bonds ... unsaturated
* animal fats - mostly saturated fatty acids
* vegetable fats - mroe unsaturated fatty acids

Front 9

triacylglycerols

Back 9

* most lipids
* fats and oils
* glycerol/3 fatty acids

Front 10

Phospholipids

Back 10

* 3rd OH- group on glycerol linked to PO4 (not fatty acids)
* small polar / or ionized N containing molecule usually attached to PO4
* amphipathic

Front 11

Steroids

Back 11

* 4 interconnected rings of C
* NOT water soluble
* cholesterol and steroid hormones

Front 12

Proteins are what percentage of body by weight?

Back 12

17%

Front 13

How many different amino acids are in the body?

Back 13

20

Front 14

Proteins:
notable

Back 14

* HONC (may include P, Fe, Mg, Cu, S)
* large molecules
* subunits ... amino acids (COOH/NH2)
* amino acids linked by PEPTIDE BONDS form peptides and polypeptides
* a peptide bond LINKS COOH (carboxyl) group from one amino acid TO NH2 (amino) group of another amino acid (and water is split off).
* a peptide bond is a POLAR COVALENT BOND

Front 15

How many amino acids?

PEPTIDE

Back 15

2-9

Front 16

How many amino acids?

POLYPEPTIDE

Back 16

10-50

Front 17

How many amino acids?

PROTEIN

Back 17

more than 50 amino acids

Front 18

Shape (conformation) of a protein:

Back 18

* 3d shape flexible/bends
* amino acids rotate around their bonds
* important characteristic for functioning

Front 19

Define Primary structure

Back 19

order (# and specific amino acid) of amino acids

Front 20

Define Secondary structure

Back 20

spatial arrangemet of amino acids in chain (determined by angle of bonds between amino acids)

Front 21

Define Tertiary structure

Back 21

3D shape

Front 22

Define Quaternary structure

Back 22

more than one polypeptide chain

Front 23

Factors which determine conformation:

Back 23

1. H bonds between chain and surrounding water (alpha helix)
2. Ionic bonds between polar and ionized regions along polypeptide chain
3. Weak attraction between nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions near each other (van der Waals forces)
4. Covalent bonds linking side chains of 2 amino acids

Front 24

Nucleic Acids

Back 24

* 2% of body by weight
* store, express, transmit genetic information
* 2 classes:
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 25

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Back 25

nucleus
double helix
deoxyribose sugar
store genetic information
bases: A/T, C/G
nucleotide

Front 26

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Back 26

cytoplasm
single chain
ribose sugar
protein synthesis
bases: A/U, C/G

Front 27

Nucleic Acid Subunit:

Back 27

* NUCLEOTIDE (phosphate, sugar, a base)
- 4 Bases:
Purines (2 rings) adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring) cytosine, thymine, uracil (only RNA)
* Bases pair: purine/pyrimidine
* SPECIFIC PAIRING:
A-T (2 H bonds)
C-G (3 H bonds)