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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Circulatory System
HEART: What is it? |
hollow, muscular organ
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Circulatory System
HEART: What does it do? |
pumps blood through blood vessels
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Circulatory System
HEART: Where is it? |
in the thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities which surround the lungs
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Circulatory System
HEART: enclosed by ... |
pericardial sac
(double layered) |
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Pericardial Sac:
Name the layers |
* visceral pericardium (epicardium)
* parietal pericardium |
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What is another name for VISCERAL PERICARDIUM?
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epicardium
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Visceral Pericardium:
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* aka epicardium
* inner layer of Pericardial sac * mesothelium * simple squamous epithelium over areolar connective tissue |
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Parietal Pericardium:
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* outer layer of Pericardial sac
2 portions: - fibrous portion fibrous connective tissue (outer/anchors) - serous portion mesothelium (inner/continuous with epicardium) |
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Pericardial cavity
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* potential space
* between serous portion/epicardium) * contains pericardial fluid |
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Name the layers in the
WALL OF THE HEART and their histology |
1. Epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
- mesothelium 2. Myocardium - cardiac muscle 3. Endocardium - simple squamous epithelium |
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Name the
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART |
2 atria
right/left interatrial septum between 2 ventricles right/left interventricular septum between |
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What is "AV valves" short for?
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Atrioventricular valves
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What do AV valves do?
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prevent backflow into atria
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Where are AV valves?
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betwen atria and ventricles
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Name the AV valves:
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tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve |
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What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
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the mitral valve
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Where is the
TRICUSPID VALVE located? |
between the right atrium and right ventricle
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Where is the
BICUSPID VALVE located? |
between the left atrium and left ventricle
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define
CHORDAE TENDINEAE |
fibrous cords that brace the AV valves in the heart, stabilizing their position and preventing backflow during ventricular systole
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define
PAPILLARY MUSCLES |
Cone-shaped muscular projections of the inner ventricular surface. the CHORDAE TENDINEAE arise from these muscles.
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Name the two main types of heart valves:
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AV valves and
Semilunar valves |
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What do the SEMILUNAR VALVES do?
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prevent backflow into ventricles
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Where are the SEMILUNAR VALVES in general?
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between arteries that leave the heart and the ventricles
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Name the
SEMILUNAR VALVES: |
aortic semilunar valve
and pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Where is the
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE located? |
at the entrance into the AORTA
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Where is the
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE located? |
at the entrance into the PULMONARY ARTERY
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What is the
CARDIAC CYCLE? |
repeating pattern of contraction/relaxation of the heart
SYSTOLE - contraction DIASTOLE - relaxation |
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The heart beats approximately
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72x/min
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What are the STEPS IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE?
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1. Blood returning to heart flows into atria & through open AV valves into relaxed ventricles.
2. Atria contract squeezing small amount more of blood into ventricles. 3. Ventricles contract closing AV valves (lubb) 4. Blood forces SL valves open 5. Blood flows into aorta/pulmonary trunk 6. Ventricles relax SL valves close (dupp) 7. Blood flows into atria |
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Where does SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART begin?
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in a small area of the heart called the
SINOATRIAL NODE (SA Node) |
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Describe the STATE of the SA NODE cells
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cells of SA node are never in a resting state
continuously depolarizing/repolarizing |
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Impulses which originate in SA Node ...
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spread through the heart by SPECIALIZED CARDIAC CONDUCTING CELLS (CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM).
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What are the COMPONENTS of the CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE HEART?
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1. Sinoatrial node
(SA node) 2. Atrioventricular node (AV node) 3. Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) 4. Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers |
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Where is the SINOATRIAL NODE (SA NODE) located?
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right atrium/near entrance of superior vena cava
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Where is the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE (AV NODE) located?
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lower part of the interatrial septum
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Where is the ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE (BUNDLE OF HIS) located?
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top part of the interventricular septum
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Where are the BUNDLE BRANCHES located?
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run through the interventricular septum
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Where are the PURKINJE FIBERS located?
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through the walls of the ventricles
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Heart Rate
controlled by ... |
SYMPATHETIC (cardiac accelerator)
* medulla to SA node - increase rate PARASYMPATHETIC (vagus) * medulla to SA/AV nodes - decrease rate |
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BLOOD Functions
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1. transporting
2. maintaining homeostasis (buffers) 3. protection 4. help regulate body temperature 5. help regulate of body fluids |
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BLOOD COMPOSITION:
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* Plasma (55%)
- 90% water - 10% solutes (ions, hormones, plasma proteins, etc.) * Formed elements (45%) - blood cells |
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define
HEMOPOIESIS |
formation of blood cells
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define
ERYTHROPOIESIS |
Red blood cell formation.
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define
LEUKOPOIESIS |
White blood cell formation.
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Where does HEMOPOIESIS occur PRENATALLY?
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in yolk sac, liver, spleen, red marrow, thymus and lymph nodes
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Where does HEMOPOIESIS occur AFTER BIRTH?
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myeloid tissue (red marrow) in long bones, ribs, sternum, bodies of vertebra and parts of skull
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ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
physical appearance: |
* biconcave discs
* lack nucleus/mitochondria (when mature) |
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ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
quantities |
* most numerous blood cell
* Normal count: male adult: 5.4 million per cubic mm female adult 4.8 million per cubic mm * 260,000,000 RBC in a drop of blood |
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ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
what do they do? |
* carry hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound
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ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
life span and death? |
* life span of 120 days
* destroyed in liver and spleen by macrophages |
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How many molecules of hemoglobin are in a RBC?
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300,000,000 molecules of Hb in a RBC
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Describe the MECHANISM for ERYTHROPOIESIS to occur:
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HYPOXIA --> kidney/liver cells --> renal erythropoietic factor --> plasma globulin --> ERYTHROPOIETIN --> bone marrow --> RBC
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Leucocytes are also known as ...
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White Blood Cells, or WBCs
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What is a normal count for leucocytes?
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Normal count adult male/female (6,000 - 9,000/cubic mm)
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How are Leucocytes classified?
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Classified according to STAINED APPERANCE:
* Granular leucocytes * Agranular leukocytes |
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Why are Granular leucocytes named this way?
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Because you can see granules in the cytoplasm with staining.
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Why are Agranular leucocytes named this way?
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Because you see NO granules in the cytoplasm with staining.
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What is the life span of Granular Leukocytes?
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12 hrs - 3 days
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Name the Granular leucocytes:
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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Granular Leucocytes:
NEUTROPHILS |
(60-70%) most numerous
lobed nucleus/pale purple/diapedesis granules are lysosomal enzymes/phagocytes |
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define
DIAPEDESIS |
Movement of white blood cells through the walls of blood vessels by migration between adjacent endothelial cells.
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Granular Leucocytes:
EOSINOPHILS |
(2-4%)
red staining granules/digestive enzymes lobed nucleus phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes increase during allergic/parasitic reactions |
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Granular Leucocytes:
BASOPHILS |
(0.5 - 1%)
blue staining granules of histamine & heparin lobed nucleus mediate inflammatory response |
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Name the Agranular leucocytes:
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Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Agranular Leucocytes:
MONOCYTES |
(2-8%)
largest WBC (biggest in size) large, indented nucleus diapedesis become free macrophages phagocytize dead/injured |
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Agranular Leucocytes:
LYMPHOCYTES |
(20-30%)
2nd most abundant WBC small cell (smallest WBC)/large nucleus most in lymphoid tissue function for immunitiy T and B lymphocytes |
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What is the life span of Agranular leucocytes?
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100-300 days
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What is another name for Platelets?
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thrombocytes
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What is a normal count of PLATELETS in an adult?
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350,000 / cubic mm
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What is the life span of a PLATELET?
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10-12 days
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What are PLATELETS physical composition?
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* fragments of megakaryocytes also from marrow
* lack nuclei * many granules |
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What is the function of platelets?
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function in blood clotting to activate clotting factors
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Blood vessels form ...
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a tubular network for blood to flow from heart thoughout body and back to heart
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How many layers are there in blood vessel walls?
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three
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Name the layers of blood vessel walls
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Tunica externa
tunica media tunica interna |
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What is another name for TUNICA EXTERNA?
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adventia
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What is another name for TUNICA INTERNA?
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endothelium
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Define TUNICA EXTERNA
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aka adventia
outermost areolar connective tissue with elastic/collagen fibers |
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Define TUNICA MEDIA
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middle
circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers |
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Define TUNICA INTERNA
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aka endothelium
lining simple squamous epithelium with areolar connective tissue and a basement membrane (continuous with endocardium) |
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Name the Types of Vessels
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Large arteries
Small arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins |
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Define LARGE ARTERIES
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aka elastic
smooth muscle contains many elastic fibers |
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Define SMALL ARTERIES
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aka muscular
thicker tunica media |
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Define ARTERIOLES
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poorly defined tunica externa
smooth musccle relatively thick (primary regulators of blood pressure) |
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Define CAPILLARIES
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single layer of endothelial cells
(simple squamous epithelium) |
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Define VENULES
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lacks tunica media
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Define VEINS
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tunics thin/some contain valves
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Blood Flow:
Name the 2 circuits |
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation |
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What is the purpose of
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION? |
for delivery/removal (o2, CO2, nutrients, wastes) between blood and cells
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What is the purpose of
PULMONARY CIRCULATION? |
For exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood
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What is the route for
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION? |
Heart -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles ->
Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Vena Cavae -> Heart |
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What is the route for PULMONARY CIRCULATION?
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Heart -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> R & L pulmonary arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries of lungs -> pulmonary venules -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> Heart
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HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION
Veins drain blood from ... |
the intestines, pancreas, spllen, and stomach into capillaries (sinusoids) of the liver before returning to the heart
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HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION
Absorbed ... |
products of digestion and harmful toxins pass first through liver before entering the general circulation
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HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION
Blood passes thru... |
2 capillary beds before returning to the heart
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How many portal systems are there in the human body?
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two
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Name the portal systems of the human body
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hepatic portal
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal |
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Flow from
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN to HEART |
hepatic portal vein ->
capillaries of liver (sinusoids) -> hepatic veins -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium of heart |
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Functions of the
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
* Immunity
* Transport fluid * Absorption of fats |
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Notable RE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
* Related to circulatory system
* No heart pumping * Lymph capillaries begin as blind tubes * Lymph vessels contain valves * Lymph contains many of the same components (water, electrolytes, some plasma proteins) as plasma or interstitial fluid |
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Lymphatic Organs:
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Lymph Nodes
Spleen Thymus Tonsils |
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Lymph Nodes
physical description |
small, round organs of lymphatic tissue in chains along lymph vessels throughout body
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Lymph Nodes
large group location |
large groups in axillae, groin, neck
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Lymph Nodes
Hystology |
lymphoid tissue is modified areolar connective tissue containing lymphocytes/macrophages and encapsulated
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As lymph flows through nodes ...
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lymphocytes are added/removed
bacteria trapped/destroyed by macrophages |
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Spleen notable
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* largest mass of lymphatic tissue in body
* nonvital in adult * surrounded by fibrous capsule * trabeculae divide into compartments |
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Spleen location
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located posterior/lateral to stomach/inferior to diaphragm
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Spleen
functions |
1. phagocytosis
2. store iron 3. initiation of immune response to antigens |
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Spleen
tissue in compartments |
2 types of tissue in compartments:
White pulp - lymphoid tissue Red pulp - RBCs |
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Thymus
description and location |
bilobed mass in mediastinum, behind manubrium
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Thymus
size |
Increases in size during childhood then regresses (involutes) after puberty
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Thymus
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* capsule/lobules/lymphocytes
* maturation T lymphocytes * secretes several hormones together called thymosin (stimulates production of T lymphocytes) |
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What are TONSILS?
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small masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in mucous membranes of oral/pharyngeal cavities
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What do TONSILS do?
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destroy pathogens that enter pharynx via air or food
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Name the pairs of tonsils
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Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils Lingual tonsils |
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Palatine tonsils
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"tonsils"
largest posterior/lateral walls of oropharynx |
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Pharyngeal tonsils
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adenoids
posterior wall of nasopharynx |
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Lingual tonsils
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base of tongue
posterior/dorsal surface of tongue |
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Lymph vessels form ...
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one-way transport system to return fluid to venous blood
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Name the lymph vessels
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lymph capillaries
collecting ducts right lympahtic duct thoracic duct |
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lymph capillaries
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* smallest lymph vessels
* blind capillaries * when interstitial fluid enters becomes LYMPH * LACTEALS |
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LACTEALS
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specialized lymph capillaries in small intestine
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collecting ducts
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* larger lymph vessels
* formed by capillaries joining |
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right lymphatic duct
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* 2nd largest lymph vessel in body
* drains right arm, right shoulder, and right side of the head * joins venous circulation where right subclavian/int jugular veins join |
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thoracic duct
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* largest lymph vessel in body
* drains whole body except (right arm/right shoulder/right side of head) * joins venous circulation where left subclavian/int jugular veins join |
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Name the disorders of the circulatory system
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Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction Ischemic heart disease Angina pectoris Hypertension Anemia Leukemia Leukopenia Leucocytosis Polycythemia Varicose Veins |
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Define
ATHEROSCLEROSIS |
aka ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
plaques (atheromas) clog vessels |
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Define
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION |
aka HEART ATTACK
branch of coronary artery blocked |
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Define
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE |
tissue lacks O2 due to reduced blood flow
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Define
ANGINA PECTORIS |
pain resulting from ischemia
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Define
HYPERTENSION |
blood pressure in excess of normal range (120/80 mmHg)
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Define
ANEMIA |
an abnormally low Hb concentration and/or RBC count
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Define
LEUKEMIA |
abnormally large number of immature WBCs in blood
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Define
LEUKOPENIA |
fewer than normal WBCs in blood
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Define
LEUCOCYTOSIS |
abnormally large number of WBCs in blood
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Define
POLYCYTHEMIA |
abnormally large number of RBCs in blood
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Define
VARICOSE VEINS |
weakened, stretched, swollen
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Functions of the
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
* gas exchange
* sound production * olfaction * air filtration * elimination of wastes |
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External respiration
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lungs
environment/blood |
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Internal respiration
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tissues
blood/cells |
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Respiratory Sytem
Name the structures |
Nose
Nasal cavities Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi Lungs |
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Nose
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* skin over bony framework
* distally hyaline cartilage * external nares (nostrils) where nasal cavities open to exterior * internal nares where nasal cavities open into nasopharynx |
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Nasal cavities
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* inside of nose
* septum (vomer/perpendicular plate) * paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into nasal cavities (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid) |
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Histology of NASAL CAVITIES
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* anteriorly stratifed squamous epithelium/coarse hairs
* laterally cilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (vascular) and coblet cells over turbinates * roof contains olfactory cells |
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Function of Paranasal Sinuses
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* warm, moisten
* resonating chamber |
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Pharynx aka
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aka Throat
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PHARYNX communicates with ...
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* SUPERIORLY communicates with nasaloral cavities
* INFERIORLY communicates with larynx/esophagus |
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Name the portions of the PHARYNX
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Nasopharynx
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* upper portion (above soft palate)
* soft palate and uvula form floor * auditory tube opens into * pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall * lining pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Oropharynx
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* middle
* between soft palate/hyoid * anterior wall base of tongue * palatine and lingual tonsils * lining stratified squamous epithelium |
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Laryngopharynx
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* lower
* below hyoid * inferiorly, opens into LARYNX anteriorly opens into ESOPHAGUS posteriorly * lining stratified squamous epithelium |
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Larynx
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aka voice box
* connects laryngopharynx and trachea * muscles/ligaments hold 9 cartilages together to form larynx * lining ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium/goblet cells |
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Name the cartilages of the larynx
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1. thyroid - aka adam's apple/largest
2. cricoid - ring shaped, below 3. epiglottis - leaf shaped/lid over glottis 4. arytenoid - (2), vocal cords attached to 5. cuneiform - (2), smallclub shaped 6. corniculate (2), smallhorn shaped |
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Functions of Larynx
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* air passage
* protective sphincter * sound production |
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Vocal Cords
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* 2 pairs of mucous membrane folds stretch horizontally across entrance into larynx
* from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages |
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Ventricular folds
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* upper
* "false" vocal cords * support true vocal cords |
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True vocal cords
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* lower
* vocal folds within folds are elastic ligaments that connect to cartilages * intrinsic muscles adjust tension (narrow/widen glottis) * vibrate in sound production |
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Extrinsic muscles
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elevate larynx during swallowing
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Intrinsic muscles
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change shape, position and tension of vocal cords
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Need to produce sound:
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* intrinsic muscles
* paranasal sinuses * oralnasal cavities * tongue * lips * larynx |
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pitch
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* size of vocal cords
* tension on vocal cord (longer, thicker ... lower) (shorter, thinner ... high) |
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volume
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regulated by amount of air exhaled over vocal cords
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Trachea
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aka windpipe
* 16-20 C-shaped incomplete cartilage rings * permanently open/flexible |
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Trachea
location & histology |
* anterior to esophagus
* lining ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium/ goblet cells. * wall smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue |
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Primary Bronchi
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* two
* right more vertical than left * lining ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium * cartilage "C"s / smooth muscle |
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Lungs
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* two
* large, spongy organs in thoracic cavity * right lung/3 lobes (thicker/broader) * left lung/2 lobes * covered by pleura (visceral parietal) (serous membranes) |
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Bronchial tree
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series of respiratory tubes within lungs
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Path of Bronchial tree
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Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli |
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Secondary bronchi
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aka lobar
* 3RT/2Lft one for each lobe * histology like primary bronchi |
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Tertiary bronchi
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* aka segmental
* 10Rt/8Lft lung * histology like primary bronchi |
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Terminal bronchioles
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* lining ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* smooth muscle * no cartilage |
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Respiratory bronchioles
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* first cuboidal epithelium
* then simple squamous epithelium * smooth muscle |
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Alveolar ducts
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simple squamous epithelium
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Alveoli
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* outpouchings/sacs
* 1 cell layer thick of simple squamous epithelium * pneumocytes (type I,II) * surrounded by capillaries * site of GAS EXCHANGE |
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Ventilation
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* Air moves INTO lungs when pressure in lungs is LESS than atmospheric
* Air moves OUT of lungs when pressure is GREATER than atmospheric |
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INSPIRATION
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* Diaphragm and intercostal muscles CONTRACT
* Thoracic cage moves away from lung surface * Intrapleural pressure (in pleural cavity) DECREASES * Lung wall pulled out toward thorax * Alveoli enlarge * Air pressure in alveoli becomes less than atmospheric * Air flows into alveoli |
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EXPIRATION
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* passive
* Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax * Elastic RECOIL of lungs, thorax and abdominal structures * Volume of thoracic cavity reduced, increasing pressure in lung to slightly more than atmospheric * Air forced out of lung (until intrapulmonary pressure same as atmospheric) |
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Name the DISORDERS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Emphysema
Pneumonia Asthma Pleurisy |
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Emphysema
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alveoli coelesce
(reduce surface area) lose elasticity |
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Pneumonia
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viral-bacterial infection
WBC/fluid acculmulates in lungs gases can't exchange |
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Asthma
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constriction of airway
smooth muscle |
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Pleurisy
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inflammation of pleura due to infection/trauma
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Capillaries of SI to Hepatic portal vein
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capillaries of SI ->
Superior mesenteric vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein |
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Capillaries of LI to Hepatic portal vein
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Capillaries of LI ->
Inferior Mesenteric Vein -> Splenic Vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein |
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Capillaries of Pancreas to Hepatic portal vein
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Capillaries of Pancreas ->
Pancreatic Vein -> Splenic Vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein |
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Capillaries of spleen to Hepatic portal vein
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Capillaries of spleen ->
Splenic Vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein |
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Capillaries of stomach to Hepatic portal vein
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Capillaries of stomach ->
Left Gastroepiploic Vein -> Splenic Vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein |
