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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biology is ...
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the study of living things
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Anatomy is ...
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* a branch of biology
* the study of structure and the relationships between structures |
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Approaches to study of Anatomy
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1. Microscopic Anatomy
* cytology * histology 2. Gross Anatomy * surface * regional * systemic |
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Different Perspectives on Anatomy
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a. developmental anatomy
b. comparative anatomy c. radiographic anatomy d. medical (pathological) anatomy |
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Language of Anatomy
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* Greek or Latin
* Prefixes, roots and suffixes * Text page 775 |
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SAP
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Standard Anatomical Position
* starting point for positional references of the body - body erect - facing forward - feet together - arms at sides - palms facing forward |
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Anterior
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aka ventral
On or near the front or ventral surface of the body. |
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Posterior
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aka dorsal
Towards the back; dorsal. |
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Superior
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aka craniad, cephalad
Directional reference meaning above. |
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Inferior
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aka caudad
A directional reference meaning below. |
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Medial
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aka mesial
Toward the midline of the body. |
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Lateral
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Pertaining to the side.
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Proximal
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Toward the attached base of an organ or structure.
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Distal
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Movement away from the point of attachment or origin; for a limb, away from its attachment to the trunk.
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Superficial
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Toward surface
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Deep
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Away from surface
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Peripheral
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around edge
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Supine
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Lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly
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Prone
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lying horizontally face down
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Planes
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* imaginary surfaces used to visualize the body sectioned
1. Sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal) 2. Frontal (coronal) 3. Transverse (horizontal, cross) |
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Sections
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* drawings/pictures cut on planes produce sections
1. Frontal section 2. Cross section 3. Midsagittal section |
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the human body is ...
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bilaterally symmetrical
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Body Cavities:
Name the main Cavities |
1. Ventral Cavity
2. Dorsal Cavity |
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Body Cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity Name the subdivisions |
a. thoracic cavity
b. abdominopelvic cavity |
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Body Cavities:
1. Dorsal Cavity Name the subdivisions |
a. cranial cavity
b. spinal cavity * retroperitoneal |
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Body Cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity - thoracic cavity |
* pericardial cavity
* pleural (2) cavities * mediastinal space (not a cavity) |
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Body Cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity - abdominopelvic cavity |
* abdominal cavity
* pelvic cavity |
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Cells
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* all living things are composed of cells
* all activities essential for life occur in cells * human body contains trillions of cells |
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Typical Cell
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* plasma membrane
* cytoplasm a. cytosol (intracellular fluid) b. inclusions c. organelles |
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Types of organelles
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* membranous
- nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes * nonmembranous - cytoskeleton, microvilli, centioles, flagella, and ribosomes |
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name the tissue types in the body
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there are 4 tissue types:
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue:
Description |
* close fitting cells, little matrix, on free surface, avascular, nerve supply, mitosis, sheets
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Epithelial Tissue:
Functions |
1. protection
2. absorption 3. filtration 4. secretion 5. lubrication |
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Epithelial Tissue:
Location |
1. covers external surfaces
2. lines internal cavities or passageways 3. glands and ducts of glands |
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Epithelial tissues are NAMED according to ....
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1. shape
2. arrangement |
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Epithelial tissue:
shape |
* squamous
* cuboidal * columnar |
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Epithelial:
Arrangement |
* simple
* stratified * pseudostratified * transitional |
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Simple Squamous Epitheium
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1. lines the heart (endocardium)
2. lines blood vessels (endothelium) 3. capillaries 4. alveoli 5. lines ventral body cavities ... mesothelia (pleura, pericardium and peritoneum) 6. glomerular capsules |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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1. kidney tubules
2. surface of ovary 3. pancreas 4. thyroid gland 5. ducts of glands |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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1. lines GI tract from stomach to anal canal
2. ducts of glands 3. lines gallbladder 4. lines oviducts |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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1. epidermis of skin
2. lines mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus 3. lines vagina |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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1. lines male urethra
2. lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi 3. lines auditory tube |
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Transitional Epithelium
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1. lines urinary bladder
2. lines ureter 3. lines part of urethra 4. lines renal pelvis |
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Glands
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* are organs that are composed partly or wholly of epithelium
* can be unicellular/multicellular * endocrine or exocrine |
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Glands can be classified according to their ...
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STRUCTURE or FUNCTION
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STRUCTURAL Types of Glands
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1. Simple coiled tubular
2. Simple branched tubular 3. Compound tubuloalveolar 4. Compound alveolar 5. Simple branched alveolar |
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FUNCTIONAL Types of Glands
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1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine |
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merocrine
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product released by exocytosis
no destruction of cells |
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apocrine
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secretions accumulate at one end of cell ... pinch off.
- cells only slightly damaged |
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holocrine
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secretions accumulate in cells
- cells rupture/die |
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Glands
Name them |
SWEAT (simple coiled tubular) merocrine
MUCOUS & GASTRIC (simple branched tubular) merocrine SALIVARY & PANCREAS (compound tubuloalveolar) merocrine MAMMARY (compound alveolar) apocrine SEBACEOUS (simple branched alveolar) holocrine |
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Membranes
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1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membranes 3. Cutaneous membrane 4. Synovial membranes |
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Membranes:
Mucous membranes |
* line cavities open to the exterior
* histology varies a. GI tract b. reproductive system c. respiratory system d. urinary system |
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Membranes:
Serous membranes |
* line closed cavities
* simple squamous epithelium over areolar connective tissue 2 layers: a. visceral layer - covers organs b. parietal layer - lines cavity examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum |
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Membranes:
Cutaneous membrane |
skin
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Membranes:
Synovial membranes |
line joint cavities
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Connective Tissues:
Description |
1. cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchyme cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, etc.)
2. matrix (intercellular substance) * ground substance * fibers (collagen, elastic, reticlar) * fluid --> fibrous/solid |
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Connective Tissues:
General Info |
* capable of mitosis
* has nerve supply * some vascular/avascular |
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Connective Tissues:
Location.... |
NOT on surface
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Connective Tissues:
Functions |
1. supports/connects
2. protects 3. structural framework 4. insulates 5. transporting materials 6. store energy 7. defense |
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Areolar Connective Tissue:
General |
* cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchyme cells)
* matrix (fibers/ground substance) * least specialized connective tissue * most widespread connective tissue in body |
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Areolar Connective Tissue:
Locations |
1. surrounds and supports blood vessels/nerves
2. connects skin to subcutaneous tissue 3. around/between body organs 4. under lingin of GI respiratory and urinary tract 5. in dermis 6. in superficial fascia 7. between muscles |
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Adipose:
General |
* adipocytes
* little or no intercellular substance * functions for nutrient storage, padding, cushions, insulator and filler |
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Adipose:
Locations |
1. fat depots
2. subcutaneous layer of skin 3. yellow bone marrow 4. in membranes 5. around heart and kidneys 6. behind eyes |
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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* aka white fibrous
Description: fibroblasts, elastic fibers and PARALLEL arranged collagen fibers Location: Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses |
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
General |
* similar to areolar connective tissue but, fewer cells and more collagen fibers
* many RANDOM collagen fibers |
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:
Location |
dermis, perichondrium, periosteum, perineurium, capsules (liver, kidneys, spleen) and fascia
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Cartilage:
General |
* chondrocytes in lacunae
* matrix (chondroitin sulfate) with fibers |
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Cartilage:
Name the types |
Three types:
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline Cartilage:
General |
* closely packed collagen fibers in matrix
* flexible support * reduces friction/absorb shock * most abundant cartilage in body |
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Hyaline Cartilage:
Location |
1. skeleton of embryo
2. costal cartilages 3. articular cartilages 4. tracheal rings 5. parts of larynx |
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Elastic Cartilage:
General |
* matrix is a network of ELASTIC and collagen fibers
* firm, but resilient and flexible |
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Elastic Cartilage:
Locations |
1. auricle
2. epiglottis and other parts of larynx 3. auditory tube |
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Fibrocartilage:
General |
* matrix coarse with thick, collagen fibers in PARALLEL bundles
* resists compression, absorbs shock and prevents bone-bone damage |
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Fibrocartilage:
Locations |
1. intervertebral discs
2. articular discs (menisci/pubic symphysis/shoulder/TMJ) |
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Bone
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* osteoblasts/osteocytes (in lacunae)
* 1/3 matrix is collagen fibers ( in which salts are deposited) * vascular * supports, protects, stores minerals, forms blood cells and stores fat Location: skeleton |
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Blood
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* cells (RBC/WBC)
* matrix (plasma) * transports substances * protection (immunity/clotting) Location: heart and blood vessels |
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Muscle Tissue
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* specialized to contract and therefore produce MOVEMENT
* three types: 1. smooth muscle 2. skeletal muscle 3. cardiac muscle |
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Smooth muscle
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* spindle shaped, small cells, central, single nucleus
Location: 1. walls of hollow organs 2. walls of ducts 3. walls of blood vessels |
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Skeletal muscle
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* large cells, multinucleate, striated, peripheral nuclei
Location: attached to skeleton |
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cardiac muscle:
General & Location |
* cells with single nuclei, intercalated discs, striations, and branching
Location: heart only |
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Nervous tissue:
General & Location |
* cells specialized to receive/transmit impulses
* logest cells in body * most no mitosis Location: mostly brain and spinal cord |
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Nervous Tissue:
Name the cell types |
two cell types:
1. neurons - conduct impulses 2. neuroglia - various support cells |
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Integumentary System:
General |
* aka cutaneous membrane/ skin
* accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands * largest, most versatile organ of body * 0.5-4 mm in thickness * 6 lbs * 7 x 3 square foot area * covers body |
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Integumentary System:
Functions |
1. protection
2. contains receptors 3. helps regulate body temperature 4. synthesis of vitamin D 5. excretes water/salts/organic wastes |
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Integumentary System:
Layers |
2 layers:
1. epidermis (surface) 2. dermis (deep) |
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Epidermis
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* outer
* stratified squamous epithelium * avascular * 4 layers (strata) (5 palms/soles) |
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Stratum basale
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* aka germinativum
* next to dermis * deepest stratum * firmly attached to basement membrane * 1 row of cuboidal/columnar shaped cells * keratinocytes (stem cells/mitosis) * melanocytes (melanin) |
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stratum spinosum
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* 8-10 rows
* flat, spiny, polyhedral cells * may be mitosis |
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stratum granulosum
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* 3-5 rows
* grainy layer * no mitosis * produce keratohyalin granules * cell membrane becoming thicker, less permeable * nucleus breaking down * cells dying |
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stratum lucidum
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* 3-5 rows
* clear layer flattened cells/anucleate * contain ELEIDIN |
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stratum corneum
(horny) |
* 25-30 rows
* flat cells * nuclei and organelles disintegrate * dead cells * KERATIN inside cell membranes (keratinized) * creates protective barrier * shed continuously (15-30 days from stratum basale until shed) |
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Dermis:
components |
two components:
1. papillary layer (directly under epidermis) 2. reticular layer (under papillary) |
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Papillary layer
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* areolar connective tissue with fibroblasts, fat cells and macrophages
* capillaries and nerves * dermal papillae project between epidermal ridges |
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reticular layer
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* dense irregular connective tissue
* attached to subcutaneous tissue * collagen, reticular and elastic fibers * collagen fibers anchor to papillary layer and hypodermis * contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands * leather |
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skin color
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* melanin
* carotene * hemoglobin * number of melanocytes rather constant * distribution of melanocytes / amouont of nelanin produced variable |
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Accessory Structures
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* epidermal derivatives
* hairs * nails * sudoriferous glands (sweat/eccrine) * sebaceous glands (oil) * ceruminous glands |
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Effects of Aging on Skin
Part 1 |
* epidermis/dermis become thinner
* number of collagen fibers decrease * elastic fibers lose elasticity * fibroblasts decrease in number * macrophages become less phagocytic * hair and nails grow more slowly * decrease in size of sebaceous glands |
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Effects of Aging on Skin
Part 2 |
* decrease in function of sweat glands
* decrease number of melanocytes * increase size of some melanocytes * decrese blood supply * loss of subcutaneous fat * vitamin D production declines * skin = thin, dry, wrinkled, spots, white hair |