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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the vertebral column contain?
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Contains vertebrae
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How is vertebrae better than a notochord?
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It is more flexible than the notochord.
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What kind of endoskeleton do vertebrates have?
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Jointed endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage.
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What does a jointed endoskeleton allow for?
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Flexibility of movement.
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What kind of circulatory system do vertebrates have?
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A closed circulatory system.
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What do vertebrate brains have?
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a cranium
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What do vertebrates have for respiration?
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gills or lungs
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How many kidneys do vertebrates have?
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2 kidneys
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What is most likely the ancestor of vertebrates?
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some extinct form of amphioxus
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What does the true liver do?
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Produces digestive enzymes; cleans and detoxifies blood
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What are the 2 extinct classes of Subphylum Vertebrate?
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Class Ostracodermi and Class Placodermi
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Describe Class Ostracodermi.
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Fish-like organisms with no paired fins, jaws or scales.
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Which extinct class had paired fins, jaws, and scales?
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Class Placodermi
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What kind of water did Class Ostracodermi inhabit?
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fresh water, but they arose in the ocean
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What does Class Ostracodermi have in lieu of paired fins, jaws, and scales?
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bony plates
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What kind of feeders are the organisms from Class Ostracodermi?
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bottom feeders, they suck up organic debris from the bottom of water
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What kind of feeders are the organisms from Class Placodermi?
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they were predators
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What organisms are in Class Cyclostomata?
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lamprey "eel" and the hagfish
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What do the organisms from the Class Cyclostomata have in common with the Ostracoderms?
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-no jaws, sucker mouth
- unpaired fins - no scales, naked skins |
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How do Cyclostomatas breathe?
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They have paired gills in pouches (5-16 pairs)
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What kind of back support do Cyclostomatas have?
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They have a notochord and a vertebral column with small vertebrae.
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What kind of skeleton do Cyclostomatas have?
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a cartilage skeleton
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What is unique about Cyclostomatas' eyes?
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They have a pineal eye, which is a third eye. It does not see images, but is light sensitive.
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What kind of heart do Cyclostomatas have?
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A two chambered heart
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What do Cyclostomatas use the lateral line system for?
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to detect water vibrations
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Our ear is said to have developed from what?
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the lateral line system of the Cyclostomatas
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What organisms does the Class Chondrichthyes contain?
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sharks and rays
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What kind of feeders are Chondrichthyes?
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jawed predators
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How do Chondrichthyes breathe?
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through paired gills in slits (5-7 pairs)
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What kind of skelton do Chondrichthyes have?
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cartilage skeleton
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What kind of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
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placoid scales
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What do Chondrichthyes use to detect water vibrations?
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the lateral line system
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What do Chondricthyes have to increase food absorption?
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They have a spiral valve, which means that the inside of their intestines is spiral to increase surface area to increase food absorption.
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What kind of heart do Chondricthyes have?
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a two chambered heart
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What kind fertilization do Chondricthyes have?
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internal fertilization
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What do Chondricthyes lack that would help them swim better?
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They lack a swim bladder
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What is a swim bladder?
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bladder with gas in it that allows animal to change depths in water
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What does the Class Osteichthyes contain?
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the bony fish
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What is the largest vertebrate class?
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Class Osteichthyes
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What kind of skeleton do Osteichthyes have?
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a bony skeleton
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How do Osteichthyes breathe?
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with paired gills in gill chambers with an operculum
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What do Osteichthyes have that allow them to swim better?
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swim bladder
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What evolved from lungs?
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swim bladder
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What kind of heart do Osteichthyes have?
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a two chambered heart
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What do Osteichthyes have to sense water vibrations?
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lateral line system
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What kind of fertilization do Osteichthyes have?
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external fertilization
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What is the transition class from fresh water to land?
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Class Amphibia
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What subclass are all living amphibians in?
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Subclass Lissamphibia
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What are the 3 living Orders of Class Amphibia?
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-frogs and toads
- newts and salamanders - caecilians |
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Where do amphibians reproduce?
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in water or wet areas
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How do amphibians breathe?
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In larval stage they have gills, as adults they have lungs
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What kind of skin do amphibians have?
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smooth, moist skin to aid in respiration
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What kind of heart do amphibians have?
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a three chambered heart
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Where is the amphibian tongue attached?
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attached in front so that they can catch insects
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Describe the amphibian ear.
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they have an ear ossicle, which means they have a bone, but no canal
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How do amphibians shed their skin?
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they molt
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Do amphibians have powers of regeneration?
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yes, just tail and limbs (digits)
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What are the 3 problems with amphibians?
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1. cannot conserve body water because of their thin skin
2. cannot reproduce on land 3. can't thermoregulate |
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What are the 3 living orders of Class Reptilia?
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- turtles and tortoises
- snakes and lizards - crocodiles and alligators |
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What kind of skin do reptiles have?
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thick, dry skin
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Where do reptiles reproduce?
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on land
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What kind of egg do reptiles have?
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egg with a shell, amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid
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How do reptiles thermoregulate?
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by sunning and shading themselves
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What does the allantois of the egg do?
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collects waste
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What does the chorion of the egg do?
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aids in respiration
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How do reptiles breathe?
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with lungs
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What kind of heart do reptiles have?
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a four chambered heart with a septum
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What kind of penis do reptiles have?
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a specialized penis with 2 prongs
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Do reptiles molt?
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snakes and lizards molt periodically
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What is a disadvantage of being cold-blooded?
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can't live in environments below 45 deg. F
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What is an advantage of being cold-blooded?
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require a lot less food to maintain body temperature
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What does the Class Aves contain?
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birds
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What kind of body do birds have?
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fusiform bodies - thick in center, thin head and tail (for flight)
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What 6 purposes do feathers have?
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flight, protection, heat retention, buoyancy, camouflage, and advertisement
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What purpose do wings and tails have in birds?
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for balance and brake
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What kind of heart do birds have?
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a four chambered heart, which allows for complete separation of oxygen rich and oxygn poor blood
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Birds have a high center of _____.
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gravity
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What kind of bone structure do birds have?
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many fused bones - largest bones are hollow
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In birds, what are attached to the lungs?
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pneumatic cavities
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What is attached to the sternum in birds?
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ribs
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The keel in a bird is part of the ____.
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sternum
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What is the largest order of Class Aves?
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O. Passeriformes
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What is the keel for in birds?
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attachment of pectoralis major muscles for flapping wings
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What do birds have to sing?
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larynx (top of trachea) and syrnix (bottom of trachea)
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What kind of stomach do birds have?
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normal stomach with crop, gizzard and proventriculus
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What did birds evolve from?
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archaeopteryx (had teeth, claws, and tail with vertebrae)
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What are the 3 subclasses of Class Mammalia?
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- Monotremata
- Metatheria - Eutheria |
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What are the 3 species of Subclass Monotremata and what are the characteristics?
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Echidna, 2 species of platypuses
egg layers, no mammae |
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What animals are in Subclass Metatheria?
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koala and opposum
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What is the main characteristic of Subclass Metatheria?
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marsupials with a marsupium
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What animals are in Subclass Eutheria?
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humans
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What is the main characteristic of Subclass Eutheria?
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uterus and placenta
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What are sebaceous glands?
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glands that secrete oils to keep hair lubricated
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What is scent used for in mammals?
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to attract a mate or mark territory
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How many appendages do mammals have?
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four
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Describe mammalian teeth.
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they have a deciduous and a permanent set of teeth
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Mammals are mainly ______ meaning they give birth to live young.
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viviparous
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What is the most common order of mammals?
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rodents
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What is the 2nd most common order of mammals?
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bats
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In addition to an abdomen with a diaphragm, mammals also have a _____.
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thorax
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