Sub Saharan Africa

Front 1

agricultural density

Back 1

number of farmers per unit of arable land. (number of people who directly rely on agriculture-important in rural substitence populations)

Front 2

desertification

Back 2

the spread of desert conditions into semi-arid areas owing to improper management of the land

Front 3

millennium development goals

Back 3

part of a group of programs implemented since 2000 to foster development in the world's poorest countries.

Front 4

physiological density

Back 4

a population statistic that relates the number of people in a country to the amount of arable land

Front 5

structural adjustment programs

Back 5

controversial yet widely implemented programs used to reduce government spending, encourage the private sector, and refinance foreign debt.

Front 6

tribalism

Back 6

allegiance to a particular tribe or ethnic group rather than to nation-state. It is often blamed for internal conflict within sub-saharan states.

Front 7

apartheid

Back 7

policy of racial separateness that directed separate residential and work spances for white, black, coloreds, and indians in south africa for nearly 50 years. Abolished in 1994 when the African National Congress came to power

Front 8

genocide

Back 8

deliberate and systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group

Front 9

pan-african movement

Back 9

founded in 1900 by US intellectuals W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. The slogan was "Africa for Africans" and its influence extended across the Atlantic.

Front 10

refugees

Back 10

a person who flees his or her country because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, ideology, or political affiliation.

Front 11

swidden

Back 11

form of tropical cultivation in which forested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted in crops, only to be abandoned a few years later as soil fertility declines. (Slash and burn or shifting cultivation)

Front 12

berlin conference

Back 12

in 1884- divided Africa into European colonial territories. The boundaries created in Berlin satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many civil conflicts trace back to this.

Front 13

kleptocracy

Back 13

a state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a large percentage of a country's wealth for personal gain.

Front 14

pastoralists

Back 14

nomadic and sedentary peoples who rely upon livestock for their sustenance and livelihood

Front 15

sahel

Back 15

the semidesrt region at the southern fringe of the sahara, and the countries that fall within this region, which extends from Senegal to Sudan. Droughts in the 1970s and 80s caused widespread famine and dislocation of population.

Front 16

transhumance

Back 16

a form of pastoralism in which animals are taken to high-altitude pastures during the summer months and returned to low-altitude pastures during the winter.