Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
613. Clinical features of overflow incontinence?
|
a. Primary medical:
1. Intermittent self-catheterization is best management 2. Cholinergic agents: bethanechol-to increase bladder contractions 3. α-blockers: Terazosin, Doxazosin to increase sphincter resistance. |
|
|
614. Most common cause in other causes of Reflex Incontinence?
|
a. Spinal cord injury (most common cause)
b. Other causes: 1. MS 2. DM 3. Tabes Dorsalis 4. Disc herniation 5. Spinal cord compression 2° to tumor |
|
|
615. Mechanism of Reflex Incontinence?
|
a. The patient cannot sense the need to urinate
|
|
|
616. Mechanism of functional incontinence?
|
a. Secondary to disabling and debilitating diseases.
|
|
|
617. If urgency of urination is the prominent finding, suspect?
|
a. Urge incontinence.
|
|
|
618. If increased intra-abdominal pressure (cough, laugh) causes urine loss, suspect?
|
a. Stress incontinence.
|
|
|
619. Which two types of incontinence do elderly women commonly have?
|
a. Stress and urge.
|
|
|
620. Diagnosis of Incontinence?
|
a. UA (all pts)- to exclude infection and haematuria.
b. Postvoid urine catheterization- Record the residual volume. c. Urine cultures- If dysuria and positive urinalysis. d. Renal function studies (BUN/Cr), glucose levels. e. Voiding record is useful- time, volume of episodes, record of oral intake, meds, associated activities. f. Perform further testing in carefully selected pts in whom the cause is not identified. |
|
|
621. Further tests for diagnosis of incontinence (as needed)?
|
a. Cytometry
b. Uroflow measurement/urethral pressure profile. c. Imaging studies such as IV pyelogram d. Voiding cystourethrogram |
|
|
622. What may a residual volume > 50 mL indicate?
|
a. Urinary obstruction or a hypotonic bladder.
|
|
|
619. Which two types of incontinence do elderly women commonly have?
|
a. Stress and urge.
|
|
|
620. Diagnosis of Incontinence?
|
a. UA (all pts)- to exclude infection and haematuria.
b. Postvoid urine catheterization- Record the residual volume. c. Urine cultures- If dysuria and positive urinalysis. d. Renal function studies (BUN/Cr), glucose levels. e. Voiding record is useful- time, volume of episodes, record of oral intake, meds, associated activities. f. Perform further testing in carefully selected pts in whom the cause is not identified. |
|
|
621. Further tests for diagnosis of incontinence (as needed)?
|
a. Cytometry
b. Uroflow measurement/urethral pressure profile. c. Imaging studies such as IV pyelogram d. Voiding cystourethrogram |
|
|
622. What may a residual volume > 50 mL indicate?
|
a. Urinary obstruction or a hypotonic bladder.
|
|
|
623. Normal residual volume?
|
a. < 50 mL.
|
|
|
624. Fatigue overview?
|
a. Fatigue refers to a lack of energy or a sense of being tired
b. Differentiate this form muscular weakness c. It is not directly related to exertion. |
|
|
625. Differential diagnosis of fatigue (6 plus other)?
|
1. Psych- depression (most common cause); anxiety and somatization.
2. Endocrine causes 3. Metabolic causes 4. Infectious diseases 5. Cardiopulmonary (OSA, CHF) 6. Medications 7. Other |
|
|
626. Endocrine causes of fatigue?
|
a. Hypothyroid
b. Poorly controlled DM c. Apathetic hyperthyroidism of elderly pts d. Addison’s disease. e. Hypopituitarism f. Hyperparathyroidism g. Other causes of hypercalcemia. |
|
|
627. Hematologic/oncologic causes of fatigue?
|
a. Severe anaemia
b. Occult malignancy (e.g,, pancreatic carcinoma). |
|
|
628. Metabolic causes of fatigue?
|
a. Chronic renal failure
b. Hepatocellular failure. |
|
|
629. Infectious causes of fatigue?
|
a. Mono
b. Viral hepatitis c. HIV d. Syphilis e. Hep B and C f. CMV g. Parasitic disease h. Tuberculosis and subacute bacterial endocarditis i. Lyme disease |
|
|
630. Med causes of fatigue?
|
a. Antihypertensive meds (clonidine, methyldopa)
b. Antidepressants (amitriptyline, doxepin, Trazodone are more sedating) c. Hypnotics d. β-blockers e. Antihistamines f. Drug abuse/withdrawal. |
|
|
631. Other causes of fatigue?
|
a. Chronic fatigue syndrome
b. Fibromyalgia c. Sleep disturbances (sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia). |
