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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define fluency
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Fluency, or "easy flow", is the rate, rhythm, and continuity of an utterance from one speech movement to another, as well as the mental and physical effort it requires.
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Define stuttering
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Core behaviors (repetitions, prolongations, blocks)
Secondary behaviors (escape, avoidance) Feelings and Attitudes |
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What is the prevalence of stuttering?
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1%
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What is the incidence of stuttering?
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5%
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Who is most likely to recover spontaneously from stuttering?
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girls who have no family history of stutterers
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Why does the sex ratio of stutterers increase with age?
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a lot of girls spontaneously recover at a young age
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What does "genetic predisposition" mean?
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a genetic disorder which influences the phenotype of an individual but by definition that phenotype can also be modified by environmental conditions
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What are some of the studies that support a genetic factor in the stuttering?
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twin studies, adoption studies, and genetic studies
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What is EEG?
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Electroencephalogram
Measures the electric activity in the brain during stuttering Found that stutterers have more activity in the RH during speech |
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What is CBF?
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Cerebral Blood Flow
By injecting radioactive liquid into the blood stream, it shows where most of the blood is flowing in the brain Also found great right than left hemisphere activity during speech in stutterers |
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What is PET?
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Positron Emission Tomography
Study done by Wu et al More accurate inferences about where increased blow flow was occurring in the brain |
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What is sensory processing?
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Use of dichotic listening test: 2 different syllables presented (1 per ear) simultaneously. Right ear advantage is the "norm", but stutterers do not show right ear advantage
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What are the differences in language between stutterers and non-stutterers?
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Stuttering develops when language growth is greatest. More complex sentences elicit more disfluencies.
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What are the differences in emotions between stutterers and non-stutterers?
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High levels of anxiety=greater levels of disfluency. There is evidence that some PWS have sensitive temperaments
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Developmental factors that affect stuttering (4)
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physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and speech-language
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Environmental factors that affect stuttering (3)
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parent characteristics, speech and language environment, and life events
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What ideas would you give a parent of a CWS?
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talk slower, use short sentences and a softer voice
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Constitutional Theories about Stuttering (5)
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Brain Organization (orton-travis & geschwind-galaburda), Timing (van riper), Internal Modeling (neilson & neilson), Language Deficit (perkins, kent, & curlee), and Physiological Tremor
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Developmental/Environmental Theories about Stuttering (4)
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Diagnosogenic (wendell johnson), Anticipatory Struggle (bloodstein), Capacities & Demands (andrews et al), and Integrated (Guitar)
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With which theory is Charles Van Riper associated?
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Timing disorder
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With which theory is Wendell Johnson associated?
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diagnosogenic theory
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With which theory is Barry Guitar associated?
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integrated theory
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Stages of stuttering development
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normal disfluency, borderline, beginning, intermediate, and advanced
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How can you distinguish normal disfluency from borderline stuttering?
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borderline has more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words
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How can you distinguish borderline from beginning stuttering?
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beginning shows some escape behaviors, some frustration and fear, but a positive overall self-concept
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How can you distinguish beginning from intermediate stuttering?
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intermediate has hard blocks, pitch changes, schwa insertions, avoidance behaviors, and a negative self-concept
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How can you distinguish intermediate from advanced stuttering?
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maturity level
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