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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how old is the Earth?
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4.57 billion years
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cosmology
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The study of the structure and evolution of the universe
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geocentric
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Earth is the center of the Universe
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Heliocentric
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Sun is the center of the universe
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How old is the universe?
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13.7 Billion years
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How do stars form?
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Stars start out as a gas and dust cloud and gravity pulls it all together
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Troposhere
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Temp decreases with altitude
turbulent flow of air |
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Stratosphere
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temp increases because of ozone
doesn't mix with troposhere |
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Mesosphere
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temp decreases
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Thermosphere
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Temp increases with altitude
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what is the order of the atmosphere from base to top?
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Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, themosphere
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chemicals of the crust
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silicates: al, k, c, si, na
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chemicals of the mantle
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fe, ca, mg, mn
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chemicals of the core
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fe, nickle (ni)
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physical order of the Earth (outer to inner)
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Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesophere, out core, inner core
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LIthosphere
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solid, rigid, crust and part of mantle
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asthenosphere
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partially melted-jello
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mesophere
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solid
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outer core
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liquid
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inner core
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solid
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continential drift
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Alfred Wegner-was not excepted because he said continents plow through ocean crust-though shape and fit of the continents was the evidence
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when did Pangea split?
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~145 Million years ago
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plate tectonics
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evidence for continental drift h.h. hess
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Where is the rock going to be the youngest?
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along the mid oceanic ridge-rather than the rocks near edge of continents
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rocks on the mid oceanic ridge have far less what and why?
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mud because it accumulates at ~3mm/1000 years
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plate boundaries
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Divergent, convergent, transfomr
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Divergent plate boundaries
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rocks move apart from one another
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convergent plate margins
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rocks more towards each other
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transform plate
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plates move side to side
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relative velocity
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the movement of one plate relative to another
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absolute velocity
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compares plate movement to a fixed position
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why do plates move
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because of convection in the mantle driving force of plate movement-slab pull, ridge push
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most pushing force driving plate motion is produced where?
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mid-ocean ridges
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if a cont\inental rift breaks a single continent-the former rift valley becomes...
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a mid ocean ridge
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Hawaii is an example of a
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hot spot volcano
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most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced at
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a subduction zone
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every plate boundary can be recognized by the presence of
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an earthquake belt
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atoms
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the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties
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when are atoms stable?
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when their outmost electron shell is filled
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halite
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salt
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properties or minerals
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homogeneous
naturally occuring solid inorganic specific chemical formula specific atomic structure |
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how do minerals grow?
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crystallizion
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how do you destroy minerals
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melting, recrystalize
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physical properties of minerals
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cleavage, hardness, color, streak, luster, magnetism, radioactive decay, taste, smell, touch
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what is the most common mineral on Earth?
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Silicate
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rock
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naturally occuring combination of one or more minerals
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melt
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partially molten mix of solid, liquid, gas
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magma
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BENEATH the surface-intrusive
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lava
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ABOVE the surface-extrusive
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formation of magma
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decrease pressure, change composition, or raise temp
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mafic magma/lava
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high temp low silica, lots of fe, mg, ca-dardk
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Silica magma/lava
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high silica, low temp, al, na, k-light colors-the "smoke" from a volcanoe
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viscosity
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resistance to flow of material (honey has a higher viscosity than water)
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Extrusive rock bodies eruption
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influenced by magma properties
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intermediate and silica eruptions
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high silica+lower temps=high viscosity
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cools slowly
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high viscosity
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igneous rocks-little/no crystals
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cooled fast
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igneous rocks-lots of crystals
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cooled slow
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textures of igneous rocks
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glassy, aphanitic, phonentic, porphyritc, pyroclastic
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glassy
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rapid cooling-no crystals-obsidian, scoria, pumice
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aphanitic
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fine grained, few crystals, bubbles
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phanentic
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coarse, low density, interlocking crystals
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porphyritic
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well formed crystals, fine grained
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pyroclastic
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explosive eruptions-fragments show distortion and may weld together-tuff, volcanic breccia
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