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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Concepts
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Abstract ideas that represent something in the world, in a simplified form.
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Ideas
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Variables
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Values that change from case to case
2 Types of Variables Independent - the causal variable, i.e., age has an effect on drug use (age is the independent variable) and Dependent is the thing in which the independent has an effect, such as drugs |
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Measurement of Variables
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The value that you put on the variable.
Operationaliztion: What you are going to measure. |
measuring value
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Reliability
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Consistent measurement.
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Validity
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measuring exactly what you are going to measure. Ex. Does an instrument measure exactly what it sets out to measure?
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IN order to be valid
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Relationships between variables
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Existence of Correlation
Types of Variables Correlations |
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Cause and Effect
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When one change in a variable causes change in another. Example, overcrowding causes delinquency.
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Types of Variables
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Independent: The variable that causes the change (overcrowding)
Dependent: The variable that changes (delinquency) |
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Correlation
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When two or more variables change together.
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Correlation
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Two or more variables change together.
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Conditions for cause and effect be considered.
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Are the cause and effect related.
Did the cause precede the effect in time. There can be no other explanation. |
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Survey Research
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use of questionnaire or interactive interview.
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A Population
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A defined group that you will interview.
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A sample (2 types of samples)
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A group selected at random
Probability Sample - Each person in the population must have an equal chance at selection. Nonprobability samples - does not involve random selection. They are easier to compile but the findings using such a study cannot be used to make generalized statements. |
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Approaches to Research
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Quantitative Data
Qualitative data Tringulation |
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Quantitative Data
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Data that are easily measured, that can be reduced to numbers
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Qualitative
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they produce data that are not easily reduced to numbers but reside in the form of revealing quotes, metaphors.
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Triangulation
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Getting a fix on a phenomeon with the use of multiple sources of data.
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Time Frames
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Cross Sectional
Longitudinal Prospective Retrospective |
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Cross Sectional
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a study in which a group (or groups) of individuals are are made up of one large sample and studied at only a single point in time
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Longitudinal
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study of persons over time like twins
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Prospective
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concerned with or related to the future; "prospective earnings"; "a prospective mother"; "the statute is solely prospective in operation"
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Retrospective
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Looking back at events that have already taken place
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Objectivity
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Ideal versus reality
Max Webers' thoughts |
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Ideal vs. Reality
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Obj is always more of an ideal than a reality for scientists
Total imprtiality is impossible to achieve. Think in terms of selecting the topic of interest and question formation. |
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Max Weber's Thoughts
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Social Reseach is value-relevant. (Consider the topics/issues under investigation)
Researchers simply need to try their best to achieve a value-free position in pursuit of their conclusions. Replication by others is one key. |
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Creative thinking is important for at least three reasons
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Insight
Science cannot take into account the range of human motivations and feelings. Scientific data always calls for a subjective interpretation. |
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Social Research has Limitation
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Humans are too complex to precisely predict actions
Hawthorne effect on subjects The amount of diversity and social change found in society results in continual change. True obj is difficult, if not impossible to achieve. |
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Gender and Research
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Androcentricity
Overgeneralizing Gender Insensitivity Double Standards Interference |
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Androcentricity
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MALE-CENTERED RESEARCH
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Overgeneralizing
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USING DATA COLLECTED FROM ONE SEX AND APPLYING THE
FINDINGS TO BOTH SEXES |
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Gender Insensitivity
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THE FAILURE TO CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF GENDER AT ALL
IN THE SUBJECT MATTER IN QUESTION |
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Double Standards
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THE SAME STANDARDS SHOULD BE APPLIED TO BOTH SEXES
IN ORDER NOT TO DISTORT FINDINGS |
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Interference
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THIS OCCURS WHEN A SUBJECT UNDER STUDY REACTS TO
THE SEX OF THE RESEARCHER RATHER THAN THE SUBJECT MATTER UNDER STUDY |
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STRATEGIES FOR SYSTEMATICALLY
CARRYING OUT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH |
EXPERIMENTS
HIGHLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS SURVEYS QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEWS PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS JOINING IN ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS EXISTING SOURCES sECONDARY ANALYSIS OF DATA |
ESPE
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Questionares and Interviews (Strenghts and Weaknesses)
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SOME STRENGTHS:
1.INEXPENSIVE AND SIMPLE 2. quick tuRNAROUND 3. INTERVIEWERS CAN ALSO MAKE NOTe ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AND PERSON SOME WEAKNESSES: 1. CAN GET A LOW RESPONSE RATE 2.FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS CAN BE EXPENSIVE AND TAKE MORE TIME 3. PRESSURES TO KEEP INTERVIEW BRIEF 4. MUST ASSUME THAT ALL RESPONDENTS are thinking alike. |
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EVALUATION
RESEARCH |
ASSESSES EFFICIENCY AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL PROGRAMS weakness POLITICS” CAN get involved and their would be a loss of objectivity. |
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PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
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OBSERVING PEOPLE IN THEIR
NATURAL SURROUNDINGS COMPLETE PARTICIPANT (TOTAL INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH SCENE WITHOUT LETTING OTHERS KNOW OF RESEARCH), INTERESTSA psychologist employed in a clinic spends time observing and recording PARTICIPANT-AS-OBSERVER (fULL PARTICIPATION AND MAKING CLEAR TO THE POPULATION UNDER STUDY ONE’S ROLE AS RESEARCHER)A researcher gets a job in a child psychology clinic in order to observe OBSERVER-AS-PARTICIPANT (INTERACTS AS PARTICIPANT, MAKING NO PRETENSE OF ACTUALLY BEING A PARTICIPANT)A researcher sits in a clinic room, observing and taking notes. COMPLETE OBSERVER (OBSERVES SOCIAL PROCESS WITHOUT BECOMING A PART OF IT IN ANY WAY)A psychology researcher observes children with a therapist by operating a video camera from outside the room |
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SOME PRO’S AND CON’S to Participant Observation
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STRENGTHS:
(HIGH VALIDITY SINCE THE RESEARCHER took part. WEAKNESSES: TIME CONSUMING eXPENSIVE, rESEARCHER MUST ENSURE HIS OR HER SOURCES ARE RELIABLE, RESEARCHER MUST UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS TO A HIGH DEGREE |
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OTHER
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES |
SECONDARY ANALYSIS
(EXAMING DATA THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN COLLECTED FOR SOMEONE ELSE • HISTORICAL MATERIALS • PERSONAL DOCUMENTS • PUBLIC RECORDS • ANOTHER RESEARCHER’S DATA SET – KEEP IN MIND • THIS METHOD CAN BE RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE, BUT SOMEONE ELSE CONSTRUCTED THE INSTRUMENT, COLLECTED THE DATA, AND RECORDED IT……ALL THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND! |
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THE RESEARCH PROCESS
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SELECT AND DEFINE TOPIC
• LITERATURE REVIEW IS CONDUCTED • ASSESS REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDY • DEVELOP KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK • CONSIDER ETHICAL ISSUES • DEVISE A RESEARCH STRATEGY • COLLECT THE DATA • INTERPRET THE FINDINGS • STATE CONCLUSIONS • PUBLISH THE FINDINGS |
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ETHICS AND RESEARCH
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FINDINGS MUST BE DISCLOSED IN FULL
• RESEARCHERS MUST BE WILLING TO SHARE THEIR DATA • PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND PRIVACY • SUBJECTS MUST BE MADE AWARE OF THE TRUE PURPOSE • MAINTAIN AWARENESS OF ANY DANGERS |
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EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH |
Nazi Germany
• Milgram's Obedience Study _ study of Shock • Tuskegee Syphilis Study -40 yrs with new real treatment or advise that the study was being conducted. • Stanford Prison Study -simiulated prison with college student guards and prisoners rebelled • Tearoom Trade: Laud Humphries - men having sex with men, got licence and went and interview a yr later. |
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Norms/Laws/and Crime
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• NORMS
– RULES AND EXPECTATIONS RESOCIALIZATION PROCESSES through ceremonies of degragation) mETHODS USED TO ALTER A PERSON’S perspective on issues. • CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM – THE INSTITUTION THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REACTING TO VIOLATIONS OF |
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Some Basic Definitions
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Criminology - The branch of Sociology which deals with the
study of crime (Pos Approach) Crime -defined as an intentional act committed in violation of a law (Failure to tell on a co-worker) misdemeanor -any crime that has a maximum penalty of less than one year in prison. felony - any crime that has a maximum penalty set by law of one year or more in prison. Vice is any crime in which there is no clear cut victim. (example is a prostitute) |
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Crimes being reported.
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Most violations of criminal law are
never reported. (Rape, giving friends pizza) • Many types of crime are highly unlikely to ever be reported. (Shoplifting) • Many times successful crimes are never detected. • The best known indicator of crime is the "FBI's Uniform Crime Reports." |
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Name the crime.
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CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON
– DIRECT VIOLENCE, OR THREAT OF IT • CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY – INVOLVES THEFT OF PROPERTY • HATE CRIMES – CRIMES MOTIVATED BY RACIAL OR OTHER BIAS • WHITE-COLLAR CRIME – THOSE COMMITTED BY PEOPLE OF HIGH SOCIAL POSITION IN THE COURSE OF THEIR OCCUPATIONS • CORPORATE CRIME – CRIMES COMMITTED BY CORPORATIONS AGAINST EMPLOYEES AND CONSUMERS |
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VIOLENCE IN SOCIETY
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– INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE (war in Iraq)
– ANTI-INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE (the Iraqis blowing up humans) – TERRORIST OR FREEDOM FIGHTER? |
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CRIMINAL VIOLENCE
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VIOLENT CRIME – (crime against the person) is crime
that involves violence or the threat of violence MURDER/HOMICIDE – the intentional killing of one person by another (abortion, stem cells, capital punishment) MANSLAUGHTER – the unintentional killing of one person by another 64% of all murders committed w/ guns 90% who commit murder are male 76% of victims are male |
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VARIETIES OF HOMOCIDE
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MASS MURDER – the intentional killing of 4 or more
people at one time and place (very small % of overall annual U.S. murder rate of ~15,000) MASS MURDERERS are usually men, collectors of firearms, and many are students or ex-students SERIAL MURDER – the killing of several people by one offender over the course of a month or more SERIAL MURDERERS are usually men, many are found to be mentally ill – very very small % of total annual murder rate |
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FORCIBLE RAPE
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The “carnal knowledge” of a female forcibly and
against her will” • Children are also at risk of sexual abuse including forcible rape • Statutory rape is also an important issue --- the age of consent varies from state to state (in GA the age of consent is 15 years or older) • FBI reports nearly 100,000 rapes each year in U.S. – estimates are that twice that are committed • Date Rape / Marital Rape / Male-Male Rape |
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FAMILY VIOLENCE
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Family Violence – physical, emotional, or sexual
abuse of one family member by another • Battered Child Syndrome – pattern of physical or psychological injury to a child caused by by the actions or neglect of another person(s) • Estimated 3 million cases reported annually (2/3 of which prove to be false or misreported • Predictors of child abuse include: very young child • Date Rape / Marital Rape / Male-Male Rape |
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THE “TYPICAL” CRIMINAL
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AGE
– PERSONS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 15 AND 24 • 14% OF POPULATION • 39.1% OF ARRESTS FOR VIOLENT CRIME • 46.9% OF PROPERTY CRIMES • GENDER – 69.6% OF PROPERTY CRIMES AND 82.7% OF ALL VIOLENT CRIMES ARE COMMITTED BY MALES • SOCIAL CLASS AND TYPES OF CRIME – LOWER CLASSES COMMIT MORE “STREET CRIME” THAN THE UPPER CLASSES, BUT THE UPPER CLASSES OFTEN COMMIT MORE SOPHISTICATED CRIMES INVOLVING MORE MONEY • RACE AND ETHNICITY – MINORITY GROUPS MEMBERS, ESPECIALLY YOUNG BLACK MALES, ARE DISPORPORTIONATELY INCARCERATED • REASONS INCLUDE – RACISM, THE OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE, POLICE TARGETTING (Macionis, 2003) |
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What About Race
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BLACKS REPRESENT 12.4% OF THE
POPULATION, BUT ACCOUNT FOR NEARLY ONE-THIRD (31.3%) OF ALL ARRESTS FOR PROPERTY CRIMES AND 37.6% OF ALL ARRESTS FOR VIOLENT CRIMES. WHY? – RACISM DOES EXISTS – RACE IS RELATED TO SOCIAL STANDING – CRIMES OFTEN COMMITTED BY WHITES ARE “UNREPORTABLE” (FBI UCR Crime Stats) – CULTURAL VALUE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MINORITY GROUPS (MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY) |
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SOCIAL RESPONSES
TO VIOLENCE |
• “THREE STRIKES” -- mandatory life in prison for
3rd time felony offenders • Mandatory prison sentences for many drug offenses, particularly when it involves violence • Swelling numbers of persons incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails (in 1999 the U.S. had nearly 2 million in jail, the highest number in our history) • Huge increase in the numbers of police officers on the streets (400,000 in ’90 to 650,000 in ’99) •ZERO TOLERANCE – more aggressive policing •RACIAL PROFILING – erosion of privacy??? |
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Defining Drugs
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Any chemical substance other than food or
water that affects the mind or body. • Psychoactive drugs / substances affect CNS and alter consciousness & perceptions • Common legal drugs include: aspirin, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine,OTC (over the counter) & Rx drugs (Valium, Xanax, Oxycodone, Ritalin, Viagra and thousands more). • Common illegal drugs include: marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, LSD, crank, etc. ALL DRUGS, LEGAL OR NOT, ARE SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED AS BEING BENIFICIAL OR HARMFUL TO SOCIETY (society tells us what should be illegal) |
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Why Are People So
Attracted to Drugs? |
Searching for pleasure, drugs make them
feel good (recreation) To relieve stress or tension or provide an escape Peer pressure; rite of passage (conform) To enhance religious or mystical experiences (spiritual / psychological) To relieve pain and symptom of illness (therapeutic) Use of Selected Drugs by the U.S. Population, 1979-1998 Legal vs. Illegal drugs Alcoholic beverages and tobacco are considerably more common than marijuana, heroin, and LSD Alcohol and tobacco cause more deaths, sickness, violent crimes, economic loss, and other social problems than the use of all illegal drugs!!! |
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Legal vs. Illegal drugs
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Alcoholic beverages and tobacco are
considerably more common than marijuana, heroin, and LSD Alcohol and tobacco cause more deaths, sickness, violent crimes, economic loss, and other social problems than the use of all illegal drugs!!! |
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Most commonly abused
illicit drugs |
Narcotics
Opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin Depressants Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methaqualone, alcohol (primarily Rx) Stimulants Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, tobacco |
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Most commonly abused
illicit drugs |
Hallucinogens
LSD, mescaline, peyote Cannabis Marijuana and hashish Inhalants/organic solvents Inhalants such as gasoline, airplane glue, paint thinner, as well as certain foods, herbs, and vitamins |
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Major stimulants
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All major stimulants cause increased
alertness, excitation, and euphoria; thus these drugs are referred to as “uppers.” |
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Summary of the effects of
amphetamines |
Body
increase heartbeat increase blood pressure decreased appetite increased breathing rate inability to sleep sweating dry mouth muscle twitching convulsions fever chest pain irregular heartbeat death due to overdose Mind decreased fatigue increased confidence increased feeling of alertness restlessness, talkativeness increased irritability fearfulness, apprehension distrust of people behavioral stereotypy hallucination psychosis |
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Cocaine
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Over the past two decades, cocaine abuse
has become one of the greatest drug concerns in the U.S. From 1978 to 1987, the U.S. experienced the largest cocaine epidemic in history As recently as the early 1980s cocaine was not believed to cause dependency Today, cocaine is known to be highly addictive In the U.S., 1.5 million current users |
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Minor stimulants
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Caffeine is the most frequently consumed
stimulant i the world. - it is found in a number of beverages - also found in some OTC medicines In the U.S., the average daily intake of caffeine is equivalent to 3 cups of coffee day. |
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What are narcotics?
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The term narcotic currently refers to
naturally occurring substances derived from the opium poppy and their synthetic substitutes. These drugs are referred to as the opioid (or opiate) narcotics because of their association with opium. |
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What are narcotics?
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For the most part, the opioid narcotics
possess abuse potential, but they also have important clinical value (analgesic, antitussive). The term narcotic has been used to label many substances, from opium to marijuana to cocaine. |
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What are narcotics?
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The principal side effects of the opioid
narcotics, besides their abuse potential, include: Drowsiness Respiratory depression Nausea, vomiting, and constipation Inability to urinate Drop in blood pressure |
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Abuse, tolerance, dependence,
and withdrawal from opiods |
All the opioid narcotic agents that activate
opioid receptors have abuse potential and classified as a schedule drugs. An estimated 2.5 million people in the U.S abuse heroin or other narcotics. Tolerance begins with the first dose of a narcotic, but does not become clinically evident until 2 to 3 weeks of frequent use. |
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The dimensions of drug
abuse |
Drug abuse is the willful misuse of
either licit, or any use of illicit drugs for recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience. Drug abuse often refers to an intense misuse of drugs, often to the point of addiction. |
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Myths About Drug
Dependence |
Drug tolerance always leads to
significant withdrawal If a drug does not produce tolerance or withdrawal, you cannot become dependent on it Physiological dependence is the major cause of drug addiction |
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Drug Dependence
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Both physical and psychological factors
precipitate drug dependence Psychological dependence refers to the need that a user may feel for continued use of a drug so as to experience its effects Physical dependence refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness. |
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What is Deviance?
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Sociologically, deviance exists when 4
conditions are present: – Something violates a social norm or rule – Attachment of label to person(s) who broke rule – Audience judges normative violation – Likelihood of negative social reaction / outcome as a result of normative violation |
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SEXAND THE BODY
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• SEX
– THE BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES • PRIMARY SEXUAL TRATIS – GENITALS – ORGANS USED FOR REPRODUCTION • SECONDARY SEXUAL TRAITS – MUSCLE MASS – AMOUNT OF BODY HAIR – TONALITY OF VOICE |
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NOT SO CLEAR-CUT
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HERMAPHRODITES
– POSSESSING SOME COMBINATION OF FEMALE AND MALE GENITALIA • TRANSSEXUALS – PEOPLE WHO FEEL EMOTIONALLY LINKED TO ONE SEX, BUT ARE BIOLOGICALLY TIED TO THE OTHER – FEELING OFTEN EXPRESSED IS THAT SUCH A PERSON IS “TRAPPED IN THE WRONG BODY” • SHE-MALES – MEN WHO DRESS AND LIVE THEIR LIVES AS FEMALES, BUT WHO DO NOT UNDERGO SEX REASSIGNMENT • SEX REASSIGNMENT – SURGICAL PROCEDURE THAT CHANGES THE SEX OF A PERSON |
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SEXUALITY AND HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT |
• SEXUAL IDENTITY
– AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AS MALE AND FEMALE – HOW WE EXPRESS OUR SEXUALITY • NORMS THAT GOVERN BEHAVIOR • SEXUALITY IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL – INCORPORATES PSYCHOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS – SEXUAL DESIRE • WE LEARN ABOUT FEELINGS OF SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION DURING SEXUAL EXPERIENCES – SEXUAL RESPONSE • EXPERIENCING PLEASURE OR ORGASM |
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WHY ENGAGE IN SEX?
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AFFECTION AND COMMUNICATION
– FOR LOVERS, SEX AND TALK GO TOGETHER • AROUSAL AND RECEPTIVITY – PHYSICAL AROUSAL AND ADVANCES • OBLIGATION AND PRESSURE – DIFFERENT FEELINGS AND APPROACHES TO HAVING SEX • CURIOSITY – FANTASIES AND EXPERIMENTATION • CIRCUMSTANTIAL – LOSS OF CONTROL FOR ONE REASON OR ANOTHER |
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Sexual Orientation
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SEXUAL ORIENTATION
– ONE’S PREFERENCE FOR PARTNERS OF THE SAME OR OPPOSITE SEX; HOW ONE SEEKS AND RECEIVES SEXUAL PLEASURE • HETEROSEXUAL – ATTRACTION TO MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITE SEX • HOMOSEXUAL – ATTRACTION TO MEMBERS OF THE SAME SEX • BI-SEXUAL – ATTRACTION TO BOTH SEXS • A-SEXUAL – NOT ATTRACTED TO EITHER SEX |
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STAGES IN HUMAN SEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT |
NORMATIVE STAGE
• CHILDREN LEARN NORMS GOVERNING APPROPRIATE SEXUAL BEHAVIORS – INFORMATIONAL STAGE • YOUNG PERSONS LEARN ABOUT SEXUAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – BEHAVIORAL STAGE • PERSONS ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES • INTERESTING TO NOTE: – STUDIES CONSISTENTLY SHOW THAT MOST PERSONS FAIL SEXUAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS |
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CULTURAL ISSUES
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SEXUAL PRACTICES ARE LINKED
TO CULTURAL TRADITIONS – APPROACHES AND POSITIONS – NOTIONS OF MODESTY – RESTRICTIONS PLACED UPON OPENNESS • THE INCEST TABOO – FOUND IN EVERY SOCIETY – THE NORM FOBIDDING SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN RELATIVES • LAWS – SEXUAL MORALITY DICTATED BY STATE GOVERNMENT BODIES • STATE ANTI-SODOMY LAWS |
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THE REVOLUTION
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THE LATE 1960’S
– THE REVOLUTION HAD COME OF AGE • GENERAL ATTITUDES, THE PILL, WOMEN – PREMARIAL SEX • MEN AND WOMEN ARE ALMOST EQUAL IN THE PERCENT REPORTING ENGAGING IN PREMARITAL SEX • PREMARITAL SEX IS BROADLY ACCEPTED AMONG AMERICA’S YOUNG – SEX AMONG ADULTS • 1/3RD HAVE SEX A FEW TIMES A YEAR OR NOT AT ALL • 1/3RD HAVE SEX ONCE TO A FEW TIMES A MONTH • 1/3RD HAVE SEX WITH A PARTNER TWO OR MORE TIMES A WEEK – EXTRAMARITAL SEX • 75% OF MEN AND 90% OF WOMEN REMAIN FAITHFUL DURING THE MARRIAGES • THE COUNTERREVOLUTION – THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT THAT IS OFTEN TIED TO “TRADITIONAL FAMILY VALUES” |
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RESEARCH INTO SEX
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SUBJECT MATTER IS RELATIVE
– SOCIAL NORMS GOVERNING WHAT IS “NORMAL” TODAY MAY BE OUTDATED WITHIN MONTHS OR A FEW YEARS • SUBJECT IS SENSITIVE IN NATURE – VOLUNTEERS MAY BE QUITE DIFFERENT FROM AN “AVERAGE” PERSON • COSTS OF RANDOM SAMPLING – SAMPLES ARE OFTEN CONVENIENCE STYLE AS FOUND IN MAGAZINES • UNRECOGNIZED GROUP BIAS – WORKING CLASS AND INNER-CITY YOUTH ARE OFTEN OVERSTUDIED |
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Sexual Orientation
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ROOTS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
– MOUNTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION • SEXUAL ORIENTATION MAY NOT BE A “CHOICE” – CANNOT DISCOUNT SOCIAL INFLUENCES • IF LEARNED, THEN CAN IT BE UNLEARNED? • HETEROSEXUALITY – “HETERO:” THE OTHER OF TWO • HOMOSEXUALITY – “HOMO:” THE SAME – HOMOPHOBIA: AN IRRATIONAL FEAR • BISEXUALITY – STRONG ATTRACTION TO BOTH SEXES |
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CONTROVSERSIES
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TEEN PREGNANCY
– HIGHEST RATES OF ALL INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS – INCREASED RATES OF SEX EDUCATION COURSES IN SCHOOLS • PRONOGRAPHY – ANY MATERIAL THAT CAUSES SEXUAL AROUSAL – DIFFICULTIES WITH DEFINING WHAT IS AND WHAT IS NOT MORAL IN COMMUNITIES – LINKED TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN? • ABORTION |
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PROSTITUTION
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THE SELLING OF SEXUAL
SERVICES, OFTEN CALLED THE “WORLD’S OLDEST PROFESSION” – SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TIES • STRONGEST IN COUNTRIES WHERE – WOMEN’S STATUS IS LOW – WOMEN’S ROLES ARE DEVALUED – OPPORTUNITIES ARE RESTRICTED – A “VICTIMLESS CRIME?” • TYPES OF PROSTITUTION – “CALL GIRLS” – WORKERS IN CONTROLLED PALORS – “STREET WALKERS” |
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SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
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STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
– NEED TO REGULATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR • SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM – THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY • SOCIAL-CONFLICT – PROSTITUTION, ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW, AND WHO GETS CHARGED • FEMINIST THEORY – SEXUALITY MAY ULTIMATELY LEAD TO THE DEGRADATION OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY • QUEER THEORY – CHALLENGING THE HETEROSEXUAL BIAS IN SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIETY |
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Ways People Study Statistics
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People select thier data (Data may not be the whole truth)
People intepret thier data (as if numbers can only mean one thing) People use graphics to spin the truth (manipulating timeframes on graphs) |
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Crimes against property
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Up in 1980, larceny, burlary then theft.
burglary larceny theft (taking direct from person) motor theft arson |
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crimes again person
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Assault, Robbery, Rape, Murder
Aggravated Assault Rape Robbery |
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Expected to go to jail
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1 in 3 blacks
1 in 6 hisp 1 in 17 whites |
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Murder by hand gun
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US top
NZ low |
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Risk of Crime
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Above avg along the borders
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Death Ro
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TX is high, california, florida
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Radical View on Crime
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Radical - Ecomonic inequality, promotes criminal activity.
Sol: Crime will never be controlled unltil class differences cease to exist. |
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Liberal View on Crime
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Lack of jobs
Sol: Govt need to use money to build more opport not prison |
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Conservative View on Crime
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Weaking relgion and family values,
Sol: Strenghten family values |
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# of murders from selected city
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Atlanta high
Seattle low |
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Spending on drug war
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17.7 billion because of law enforcement,etc.
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Radical view on Drugs
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Drug laws in favor of powerful
So. expand the wealth |
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Libarl View on Drugs
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Suffering of poeple from any problems
Sol expand economic oppot, govt treatment programs. |
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Conservative view on Drugs
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Poor moral stucture to young
So. Active parenting. |
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2 or more partners
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1933 to 42
Wom 15 and Men 56 1953 to 62 Wom 48 Men 62 |
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History of Drug Laws
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65 - Drug Abuse Control Amendment (Dept of Health to control amphetamines, etc.)
66 The last dry state went wet (Miss) 70 - Controlled Substance Act (certain drugs under Federal juris and now had restrictions 72 - Marijuania downgraded to misdemnour. Oregon first state to do this. |
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Deviance Exist when 4 conditions are present
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Violation of social norm
attahment of label to the person that broke the norm society judges norm violations negative social reaction |
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ABC of Devianc
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Attitudes - (cognitive deviance)
Behaviors - actions that attract condemnation Conditions- physical traits or characteristcs that would make someone the target of disapproval. |
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Theories of Socialization
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Piaget - Logical thought is not innat but acquired as children move through stages of adulthood.
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Cognitive Development
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Cognition - How people think and understand.
Stages: Sensorimotor stage - understanding preoperational stage - use of language. concrete operation - perceptions of causal connections. formal operational stage - abstract thinking. |
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Marx Conflict
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Beleived that stratification would always benefit a few at the expense of the many.
A person either controls money or works for those that do. socialism would replace capitalism. |
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Weber
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Rationality
Bureaucracy |
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Rational Social Org
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Social Institutions that see to meeting the demands of a growing and complex society.
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Rationalization
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Traditional society - largely unquestioned, inherited beliefs and tradtions dominate people lives and actions.
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Rational Society
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social existence is organized to promote the most effiecent means of accomplishing a task.
Necessary for the devleopment of complex, techn, science, bureaurcacy and lrg org. |
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Social Economic Class
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Webers Idea
Complex INterplay between class status and power Low status consistency - Social conflict can be viewed as more complex. |
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Religious Belief and Cogn Deviacne
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Romans and Christians in the crusifixtions.
Burning of the Witches Islam vs. Christanity Snake handlers. |
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History of Drug Laws
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65 - Drug Abuse Control Amendment (Dept of Health to control amphetamines, etc.)
66 The last dry state went wet (Miss) 70 - Controlled Substance Act (certain drugs under Federal juris and now had restrictions 72 - Marijuania downgraded to misdemnour. Oregon first state to do this. |
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Deviance Exist when 4 conditions are present
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Violation of social norm
attahment of label to the person that broke the norm society judges norm violations negative social reaction |
|
|
ABC of Devianc
|
Attitudes - (cognitive deviance)
Behaviors - actions that attract condemnation Conditions- physical traits or characteristcs that would make someone the target of disapproval. |
|
|
Theories of Socialization
|
Piaget - Logical thought is not innat but acquired as children move through stages of adulthood.
|
|
|
Cognitive Development
|
Cognition - How people think and understand.
Stages: Sensorimotor stage - understanding preoperational stage - use of language. concrete operation - perceptions of causal connections. formal operational stage - abstract thinking. |
|
|
Marx Conflict
|
Beleived that stratification would always benefit a few at the expense of the many.
A person either controls money or works for those that do. socialism would replace capitalism. |
|
|
Weber
|
Rationality
Bureaucracy |
|
|
Rational Social Org
|
Social Institutions that see to meeting the demands of a growing and complex society.
|
|
|
Rationalization
|
Traditional society - largely unquestioned, inherited beliefs and tradtions dominate people lives and actions.
|
|
|
Rational Society
|
social existence is organized to promote the most effiecent means of accomplishing a task.
Necessary for the devleopment of complex, techn, science, bureaurcacy and lrg org. |
|
|
Social Economic Class
|
Webers Idea
Complex INterplay between class status and power Low status consistency - Social conflict can be viewed as more complex. |
|
|
Religious Belief and Cogn Deviacne
|
Romans and Christians in the crusifixtions.
Burning of the Witches Islam vs. Christanity Snake handlers. |
|