Study Pals - Micro Vocabulary - Chapter 6

Front 1

Adsorption

Back 1

A process of adhering one molecule onto the surface of another molecule One of six phases (first) in animal virus multiplication. Binding of virus to specific molecule on host cell.

Front 2

Assembly

Back 2

The phase of a virus’s reporductive cycle during which the newly made components are assembled into viral particles. One of six phases (fifth) in animal virus multiplication. New viral particles constructed.)

Front 3

Bacteriophages

Back 3

A virus that specifically infects bacteria.

Front 4

Baltimore Classification System

Back 4

Allows all viruses to be classified based on how the viral genome is converted to mRNA (7 classes are recognized)

Front 5

Budding

Back 5

Like exocytosis - The process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm.

Front 6

Capsid

Back 6

The protein covering of a virus' nucleic acid core. These exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.

Front 7

Capsomers

Back 7

A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.

Front 8

Cell culture

Back 8

These cells grow in sheets that support viral replication and permit observation of cytopathic effect.

Front 9

Cytopathic effects

Back 9

The degenerative changes in cells associated with virus infection. Examples: the formation of multinucleate giant cells (Negri bodies), the prominent cytoplasmic inclusions of nerve cells infected by rabies virus.

Front 10

e Plaques

Back 10

blank for now

Front 11

Endocytosis

Back 11

The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle

Front 12

Enveloped viruses

Back 12

A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus.

Front 13

Exocytosis

Back 13

The process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm.

Front 14

Genome

Back 14

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism

Front 15

Helical capsids

Back 15

Certain virus capsids and bacteria that have a spiral or coiled shape.

Front 16

Host

Back 16

Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.

Front 17

Host range

Back 17

The limitation imposed by the characteristics of the host cell on the type of virus that can successfully invade it.

Front 18

Icosahedron

Back 18

A regular geometric figure having 20 surfaces that meet to form 12 corners. Some virions have capsids that resemble these shapes.

Front 19

Inclusion bodies

Back 19

A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product.

Front 20

Induced mutation

Back 20

Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens.

Front 21

Inducible enzyme

Back 21

A type of enzyme that increases in amount in direct proportion to the amount of substrate present.

Front 22

Inducible operon

Back 22

A type of operon that under normal circumstances is not transcribed. The presence of this specific type of molecule can cause transcription of this operon to begin.

Front 23

Lyse

Back 23

To burst.

Front 24

Lysin

Back 24

A complement-fixing antibody that destroys specific targeted cells. Examples: hemolysin and bacteriolysin.

Front 25

Lysis

Back 25

The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell. Disintegration of a cell by rupture of its plasma membrane.

Front 26

Lysogenic conversion

Back 26

Phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause production of toxins, enzymes or morphological changes that alter pathology.

Front 27

Lysogenic cycle

Back 27

A viral cycle in which the viral DNA becomes integrated into the host chromosome and is replicated during cell reproduction. Results in vertical rather than horizontal transmission.

Front 28

Lysogeny

Back 28

The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions. Results in the spread of the virus without killing the host cell.

Front 29

Naked viruses

Back 29

A type of virus that consists only of a nucleocapsid. It has no envelope.

Front 30

Nucleocapsid

Back 30

In viruses, the close physical combination of the nucleic acid with its protective covering.

Front 31

Obligate intracellular parasites- obligate

Back 31

A type of parasite that invades, survives and grows only in a host's cells.

Front 32

Oncogenic viruses

Back 32

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors.

Front 33

Penetration

Back 33

Genome enters host cell (3 mechanisms). One of six phases (second) in animal virus multiplication.

Front 34

Persistent infections

Back 34

Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed. Can be chronic (productive) or Latent state (non-productive)

Front 35

Prions

Back 35

A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.

Front 36

Prophage

Back 36

A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.

Front 37

Release

Back 37

Assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis) or cell lysis (natural or artificial). One of six phases (sixth) in animal virus multiplication.

Front 38

Satellite viruses

Back 38

Viruses that depend on other viruses for replication

Front 39

Spikes

Back 39

(peplomers) A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that facilitates specific attachment to the host cell.

Front 40

Spongiform Encephalopathies

Back 40

Progressive brain infections caused by unusual pathogens called prions, leading to loss of brain structure and function.

Front 41

Synthesis

Back 41

Viral components are produced. One of six phases (fourth) in animal virus multiplication.

Front 42

Temperate phages

Back 42

A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell.

Front 43

Transformation

Back 43

In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in “naked” DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell.

Front 44

Transmissible

Back 44

Diseases associated with non-cellular infectious agents known as prions that are NOT viruses. These diseases are spread from host to host by direct contract, contaminated food or other means

Front 45

Uncoating or Uncoated

Back 45

The process of removal of the viral coat and release of the viral genome by its newly invaded host cell. One of six phases (third) in animal virus multiplication.

Front 46

Viral genome

Back 46

Either DNA or RNA but never both.

Front 47

Viron

Back 47

An elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form. It consists of the nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope.

Front 48

Viroids

Back 48

An infectious agent that, unlike a virion, lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule. Although known versions are all plant pathogens, it is conceivable that animal versions exist. short pieces of RNA, no protein coat.

Front 49

Virus

Back 49

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.