Study Of Language W&m 2011

Front 1

Suprasegmentals

Back 1

independent of the segment
Affects the word/sentance
*tone and intonation (how you say a word) not related to word meaning

Front 2

Dialects and Accents

Back 2

any version of any language is considered a language variety. It is a systematic way of speaking

Front 3

register

Back 3

a variety used in a particular context (formal vs casual)

Front 4

dialect

Back 4

a regional variety of speech

Front 5

sociolect

Back 5

variety based on socioeconomic status

Front 6

idiolect

Back 6

a personal variety

Front 7

jargon

Back 7

a specialized vocabulary

Front 8

mutual intelligibility

Back 8

speakers of different dialects of the same language can understand each other, so its the same language

Front 9

shared history

Back 9

a shared, continuing historical english

Front 10

politics

Back 10

"a language is a dialect w/ an army" some languages are NOT mutually intelligible but considered the same (chinese varieties) or are the same language, but considered different

Front 11

accents

Back 11

usually means particular sounds of a regional dialect. Typically the term "accent" focuses on pronunciation (phonology)

Front 12

sociolects

Back 12

standard vs non-standard
NOT sub-standard
Non-standard sociolects usually perceived as being low class or uneducated

Front 13

overtly prestigious

Back 13

associated with standard dialect

Front 14

covertly prestigious

Back 14

associated w/ non standard dialect (used to say, this is where I am from, it is who I am)

Front 15

phonology

Back 15

the study of the mental organization of a language's sound system. organized into 2 units
biggest: syllables, metrical feet and words
middle: segments
smallest: features

Front 16

coarticulation

Back 16

sounds that overlap over one another (because we don't articulate each and every sound)

Front 17

assimilation

Back 17

(coarticulation)
become more similar

Front 18

nasalization

Back 18

(coarticulation)
nasalize 'o' in 'bonk' because it precedes a nasal consonant

Front 19

dissimilation

Back 19

(coarticulation)
to become more different, or less similar
(fifths becomes fifts)

Front 20

aspiration

Back 20

(coarticulation)
top vs stop different 't'

Front 21

epenthesis

Back 21

(coarticulation)
segment insertion
ex in Hindi English, segment isertion, film becomes filum

Front 22

deletion

Back 22

(coarticulation)
removing a sound (suppose becomes s'pose)

Front 23

metathesis

Back 23

(coarticulation)
segment rearrangement
ask becomes aks

Front 24

phonemes

Back 24

ABSTRACT mental units that represent sounds
NOT sounds themselves

Front 25

morpheme

Back 25

small segment added to word for meaning

Front 26

complementary distribution

Back 26

allophones of the same phoneme
they NEVER have the same environment
do not cause a change in meaning (spat vs pat, pit vs lip)

Front 27

free variation

Back 27

allophones of the same phoneme
phones that appear in the same environment and do not cause change in meaning (but-tin, bu-n, bu-din all mean button)

Front 28

writing phonological rules

Back 28

/X/ --> [Y]/ A__B

The phoneme /x/ becomes the allophone /y/ in the environment of A followed by B

Front 29

prosody

Back 29

units of phonological structure that are larger than the segment

Front 30

prosodic phenomenon

Back 30

stress appears on syllables (longer and higher pitch than unstressed syllables)
applies to whole word/utterance (anything syllable or above)
can indicate grammatical or emotional content
(fucking insertion)

Front 31

phonotactic rules

Back 31

govern what sound sequences are possible in a language (different rules for different dialects)

Front 32

syllables

Back 32

only thing you MUST have is a vowel.

Front 33

Coda

Back 33

Anything after the nucleus in a syllable

Front 34

Onset

Back 34

Anything before the nucleus

Front 35

Sonority Hierarchy

Back 35

vowel, glides, liquids, nasals, voiced fricatives, voiceless fricatives, voiced stops, voiceless stops, /s/
should go low to high

Front 36

rime

Back 36

nucleus and coda

Front 37

covert gender

Back 37

unconsious socially defined terms dealing w/ gender (not grammatical gender as in french or spanish)

Front 38

men vs women in language

Back 38

mm-hmm : sign of agreement/affermation or interrupting?
5 year olds raising or lowering pitch to associate with their gender, biologically the same

Front 39

what is a word?

Back 39

free forms (discreet form that can be manipulated by the syntax)
can be reordered, speratedle

Front 40

lexicon

Back 40

speaker's mental dictoinary

Front 41

neologisms

Back 41

new words made up when a new product or idea is created

Front 42

borrowing

Back 42

adopted words from other languages

Front 43

coinage

Back 43

creates of new words out of combinations of syllables (teflon)

Front 44

generification

Back 44

kleenex, q-tip, xerox
examples of coinage creating new items. kleenex so popular, became standard word for facial tissue

Front 45

eponyms

Back 45

converting proper nouns to a noun (earl of sandwich, jumbo the elephant)

Front 46

conversion

Back 46

taking one word and making it mean another word w/ no prefix or suffix added (ex noun butter can be used as a verb, to butter)
usually makes nouns into verbs

Front 47

clipping

Back 47

shortens a pollysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables (condominium becomes condo)

Front 48

blends

Back 48

mixes together non-morphemic parts of wto already existing words
brunch from breakfast and lunch

Front 49

backformation

Back 49

removes a real or supposed affix from an already existing word
enthuse from enthusiasm
-oholic being added to anything to mean "addicted to"

Front 50

acronyms

Back 50

the initial letters of some or all of the words in a phrase are pronounced as a word
fucked up beyond all repare becomes FUBAR

Front 51

compounding

Back 51

the combination of two or more existing words to create a new word. in English, compounding usually results in a noun, verb, or adjective
ex. bluebird, firetruck, afterthought

Front 52

compounding properties

Back 52

first component usually stressed
GREENhouse not greenHOUSE
tense and plural markers added to last element ex droppedkick vs dropkicked

Front 53

endocentric compounds

Back 53

denotes a subtype of the concept denoted by its head "bath towel" means "a towel for after bathing"

Front 54

morpheme 2 meanings

Back 54

refers to the meaning underling a word part OR
refers to phonological chunk representing the meaning (called morph)

Front 55

allomorph

Back 55

some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. the variant forms of morphemes are called allomorphes (walk-t, sneez-d, hand-ed, all -ed morphemes but sound different)

Front 56

phonostheme

Back 56

a group of sounds taht seems to correspond to some meaning, but isn't clearly identifiable as a morpheme (like a prefix or suffix)
ex: glow, glisten, glitter, gleam (gl doesn't mean anything)

Front 57

cranberry morphemes

Back 57

cranberry, huckleberry, lukewarm, disgruntled
can you have a cran? huck? just luke? gruntle?

Front 58

greek and latinate morphemes

Back 58

con-fer, in-fer, pre-fer, re-fer, suf-fer.
fer feels like a suffix. they were once morphemes in their original language but in our current language they are not

Front 59

Inflectional morphology definition

Back 59

occur at margins of words
required by syntax
productive (apply to all verbs they affect)
do not change meaning (does not change part of speech)

Front 60

derivational morphology definition

Back 60

LOTS of these
affects meaning (can change parts of speech)
not productive
not required by syntax
placed before inflection

Front 61

8 inflectional morphemes

Back 61

-s (3rd person present)
-ed (past tense)
-ing (progressive
-en (past participle)
-s (plural)
-'s (possesive)
-er (comparative)
-est (superlative)

Front 62

monomorphemic words

Back 62

words whose form and meaning cannot be predicted from anything else
(penguin, about) simple words composed of one morpheme

Front 63

complex words

Back 63

are those words whose form and meaning can be constructed and comprehended by the application of generalities

Front 64

free morphemes

Back 64

can stand alone (free, stand, can) NOT -eme, -s
(keep in mind, words that are free/bound in one language may not be free/bound in another)

Front 65

bound morphemes

Back 65

attach to another morpheme to make a word (phon-eme, morph-eme)

Front 66

concatentive morphology

Back 66

when words are built by assembling morphemes in an additive, linear fashion (suffix, prefix)
most common form is affixtion

Front 67

root

Back 67

smallest part of a word (can be free or bound)

Front 68

stem

Back 68

any for that an affix attaches to

Front 69

prefixes

Back 69

come before root

Front 70

suffixes

Back 70

go after root

Front 71

infixes

Back 71

go in the middle of the stem

Front 72

circumfixes

Back 72

in two parts, go on both sides of the word

Front 73

reduplication

Back 73

doubling the whole or part of a morpheme
total reduplication (rumah = house, rumahrumah= houses)
partial reduplication (bili= buy bibili = will buy)

Front 74

bracketing paradox

Back 74

relates to ambiguity and the importance of the hierarchical structure of a word