Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
commonly see in states of dehydration resulting from water loss due to excessive vomiting
|
diarrhea
|
|
|
Your patients urine is cloudy in appearance
|
what is the problem? Intact red blood cells
|
|
|
Your patients urine is pink and clear what is the problem it has hemoglobin
|
myoglobin or porphyrins present in the urine
|
|
|
What color does methemoglobin turn urine to? Brown
|
black. Upon standing
|
|
|
What color does melanin turn the urine Upon standing
|
neutral pH urine will turn black if melanin is present in the urine sample
|
|
|
What causes the urine to have WBC
|
RBC
|
|
|
When the urine is cloudy or turbid
|
is this normal No
|
|
|
What does bacterial infections
|
elevated ketones
|
|
|
What is the normal value of protein in the urine Negative
|
Trace or trace dipstick reading (<= 150mg/day)
|
|
|
How are abnormally high protein values reported 3+
|
4+
|
|
|
What is sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA) Confirmatory test
|
used to retest all specimens with positive chemstrip results (1+ to 4+)
|
|
|
Can you find the presence of microalbumin in a routine chemstrip testing no
|
you must use the spot method
|
|
|
Causes of renal protein uria caused by kidney diseases
|
primary or induced glomerular proteinuria: protein leaks through gomerulus
|
|
|
Renal proteinuria: primary Glomerulonephritis
|
nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
Renal proteinuria: induced Drugs or toxins
|
systemic disease
|
|
|
Average adult daily output volume
|
1200-1500 mL
|
|
|
Polyuria
|
increase in daily output of urine (> 3L/day)
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus in polyuria
|
excess glucose in blood leads to high concentration of glucose in filtrate exceeding the renal threshold. urine looks dilute but has a high osmolality
|
|
|
commonly see in states of dehydration resulting from water loss due to excessive vomiting
|
diarrhea
|
|
|
What causes auria
|
any serious damage to the kidneys or a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys
|
|
|
Decreased production or function of ADH affecting the nephron's ability to concentrate urine through water reabsorption
|
Diabetes insipidus: urine is dilute with a low osmolality
|
|
|
Variations in the yellow color of urine reflect what
|
the body's hydration status
|
|
|
Why would the urine be an amber beer brown
|
due to the presence of conjugated bilirubin
|
|
|
Why would the urine be red or pink and clear
|
hemoglobin or myoglobin or porphyrins
|
|
|
Your patients urine is cloudy in appearance
|
what is the problem?
|
|
|
Your patients urine is pink and clear what is the problem
|
it has hemoglobin
|
|
|
What color does methemoglobin turn urine to?
|
Brown
|
|
|
What color does homogentisic acid turn the urine
|
brown/black upon standing alkaline urine will turn brown if homogentisic acid is present in the urine sample
|
|
|
Alkaptonuria
|
a metabolic defect. increased excretion in occurs in the disease
|
|
|
What color does melanin turn the urine
|
Upon standing
|
|
|
Why will melanin appear in the urine
|
the patient has metastatic malignant melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer)
|
|
|
What color does Pyridium (phenazopyriding) turn the urine?
|
dark orange. antibiotic rifampicin
|
|
|
How does normal urine look
|
clear or hazy
|
|
|
How does amorphous crystal make the urine look
|
a normal clear or hazy
|
|
|
How does squamous epithelial cells make the urine look?
|
a normal clear or hazy
|
|
|
How does seminal fluid make the urine look
|
a normal clear or hazy
|
|
|
how does fecal contamination make the urine look
|
a normal clear or hazy
|
|
|
how does mucus make the urine look
|
a normal clear or hazy
|
|
|
What causes the urine to have WBC
|
RBC
|
|
|
When the urine is cloudy or turbid
|
is this normal
|
|
|
How does normal freshly voided urine smell
|
pungent odor of volatile aromatic acids
|
|
|
What does bacterial infections
|
elevated ketones
|
|
|
How is the chemical analysis of urine accomplished?
|
Utilization of a urine chemstrip or dipstick
|
|
|
What is the normal value of protein in the urine
|
Negative
|
|
|
What is the significance of urine pH?
|
Aids in identifying acid base disorders
|
|
|
When is acidic urine produced
|
Respiratory or metabolic acidosis - not related to renal function disorders
|
|
|
When is alkaline urine produced
|
Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
|
|
|
How are abnormally high protein values reported
|
3+
|
|
|
How much proteins are reabsorbed by the tubules?
|
95-99%. Only the smallest proteins are filtered from the plasma into the urine
|
|
|
What are Tamm-Horsfall protein
|
muco protein synthesized by the distal tubular cells and involved in cast formation
|
|
|
What is the chemstrip most sensitive to
|
the presence of albumin-although globulin are the major protein fraction found in urine
|
|
|
What is sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA)
|
Confirmatory test
|
|
|
When the SSA test confirms the presence of protein what should you order
|
24 hour urine protein
|
|
|
What does the 24hr urine provide
|
quantify the amount of protein that is being secreted per day. It averages out normal variations in urine concentration
|
|
|
What do you order if the 24hr urine is > 150 mg/day
|
a urine protein electrophoresis procedure is performed to identify proportions of albumin and other proteins
|
|
|
Why would a 24hr urine protein be ordered for patients with diabetes melitus and hypertension
|
to screen for nephropathy
|
|
|
What is most commonly performed on a spot urine specimen from a diabetic patient
|
albumin to creatinine ratio
|
|
|
What is the most common screening test for the presence of microalbumin in the urine
|
Spot Method
|
|
|
What test is used to diagnose diabetic nephropathy and to follow the disease
|
Spot Method
|
|
|
Can you find the presence of microalbumin in a routine chemstrip testing
|
no
|
|
|
Why is a random urine sample done in the spot method
|
Tested for the amount of albumin and cratinine present. The amount of albumin present (abnormal) is compared to the amount of creatinine (assumed normal)
|
|
|
What items are checked in a "spot Method"
|
1. an albumin to creatinine ration
|
|
|
Significance of abnormal protein results
|
1. increased is pathologic when the level exceeds 150mg/day
|
|
|
What are the functional causes proteinuria
|
1. r/t changes in glomerular blood flow
|
|
|
These causes of protein urina are usually transient and resolve with time
|
proteinuria r/t changes in glomerular blood flow or enhanced glomerular permeability
|
|
|
Is the proteinuria with pregnancy usually benign
|
yes
|
|
|
when is protein uria with pregnancy significant?
|
with it is in conjunction with hypertension and edema. could be pre-eclampsia
|
|
|
What is orthostatic proteinuria
|
a benign proteinuria associated with the upright position
|
|
|
What are the organic causes for proteinura
|
1. prerenal proteinuria: associated with non-renal diseases
|
|
|
name some diseases associated with prerenal proteinuria with non renal diseases
|
1. multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Define multiple myeloma
|
malignancy of plasma cells causing production of excess immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains
|
|
|
Causes of renal protein uria
|
caused by kidney diseases
|
|
|
Renal proteinuria: primary
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Renal proteinuria: induced
|
Drugs or toxins
|
|
|
Defective tubular reabsorption characterized by increased levels of low molecular weight proteins
|
Tubular proteinuria
|
|
|
Examples of tubular proteinuria
|
1. acute or chronic pylelonephritis
|
|
|
Postrenal Proteinuria
|
Protein from the urinary tract below the level of the kidney parenchyma
|
|
|
Examples of postrenal proteinuria
|
1. inflammation within the urinary tract
|
|
|
Example of Inflammation within the urinary tract
|
1. renal pelvis-pyelonephritis
|
