Study Guide Chapter 4

Front 1

Olaudah Equiano

Back 1

slave who eventually got his freedom and wrote about his experiences (The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African). He condemned the idea that Africans were inferior to Europeans and the fact they deserved to be slaves.

Front 2

James Oglethorpe

Back 2

sought to improve conditions for imprisoned debtors and abolish slavery; hoped to establish a haven where the "wealthy poor" of England could enjoy economic opportunity

Front 3

Pontiac

Back 3

war leader of the Odawa tribe; the one who led military attack against Anglo-American forts and settlements throughout the Great Lakes

Front 4

Benjamin Franklin

Back 4

wrote "Poor Richard's Almanack" and was conducting experiments to demonstrate lightning is a form of electricity. Was best known American in the 18th century world

Front 5

William Pitt

Back 5

prime minister in British government who raised huge sums of money and poured men and naval forces into war; making the tide of battle turn

Front 6

Jonathan Edwards

Back 6

Massachusetts Congregationalist minister preacher. He preached a sinful man over a bottomless pit of eternal fire could be saved by domination by "new birth", acknowledging sins ans pleading for divine grace

Front 7

Junpero Serra

Back 7

founder of California in 1769 and converted thousands of Indians to Christianity

Front 8

John Peter Zenger

Back 8

wrote about the governor as corrupted, influenced peddling, and "tyranny"; was arrested but found not guilty in trial

Front 9

George Whitefield

Back 9

proclaimed God was merciful. Rather than being predestined for damnation, men and women could save themselves by repenting their sins

Front 10

John Locke

Back 10

wrote "Two Treatises of Government" Government, he wrote, was formed by a mutual agreement among equals. Lockean liberalism opened the door to the poor, women, and even slaves to challenge limitations of their own freedom

Front 11

William Cosby

Back 11

governor John Zenger described. Cosby arrived in New York to assume the governorship in August of 1731.

Front 12

Middle Passage

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voyage across the Atlantic. People were crammed in ships, there were diseases in Middle Passage. 400,000 to 600,000 slaves were imported

Front 13

Gullah

Back 13

a language that mixed various African roots and unintelligible to whites

Front 14

Evangelists

Back 14

people who spread God's name; preachers of Christian gospel

Front 15

deference

Back 15

the assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence a right to public office

Front 16

Proclamation of 1763

Back 16

prohibition of colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Land was reserved for Indians. Proclamation banned the sale of Indian lands to private individuals -- enraged settlers

Front 17

republicanism

Back 17

celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as the essence of liberty

Front 18

liberalism

Back 18

individual and private celebration of freedom

Front 19

Deism

Back 19

belief that God withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention

Front 20

Old Lights

Back 20

faction known as the traditionalist; orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unneccessary

Front 21

Stono Rebellion

Back 21

took 2 dozen whites and 200 slaves by South Carolina slaves (uprising by slaves)

Front 22

Seven Years' War

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George Washington was asked to have French soldiers abandon a fort they were building lands claimed by the Ohio Company but was forced to surrender. General Edward Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne but was ambushed by French and Indian forces. War went on against the British

Front 23

newspapers

Back 23

ex. the Weekly Journal by Zenger

Front 24

European enlightenment

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thinkers insisted that every human institution, authority, and tradition be judged before the bar of reason; sought to apply to political and social life the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment

Front 25

Georgia colony

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founded by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe. Proprietors surrendered to the crown; colonists win the right to elected assembly met in Savannnah. Repealed the an of liquor and slavery. Georgia became a mini South Carolina

Front 26

Great Awakening

Back 26

George Whitefield sparked; religious revival held in 1730's and 1740's to motivate colonial America

Front 27

Pontiac's Rebellion

Back 27

Indians were dependent on British. Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British Rule. Neolin, a Delaware religious prophet, says to drive British from their territory